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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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__ is the capacity to do workand occurs as light, electricity, heat, ect…
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energy
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__ is the energy of motion; includes contracting muscles and falling water.
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kinetic energy
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__ is stored energy; examples include water behind a dam, a rock at the top of a hill, or the molecule ATP
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potential energy
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__ is the study of energy relationships and exchanges
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Thermodynamics
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__: energy cannot be _____, but can be converted from one form to another.
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1st law of thermodynamics; created or destroyed
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__: one usable form of energy cannot be ____
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2nd law of thermodynamics; completely converted into another usable form
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__is the common energy currency of cells
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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ATP is constantly recycled from __
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ADP
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ATP is a ___
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nucleotide made of adenine base and ribose sugar plus 3 phosphate groups
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adenosine
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a nucleotide made of adenine base and ribose sugar
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the amount of energy released when ATP becomes ADP plus (P) is
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7.3 kilocalories per mole
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ATP is a carrier of cell energy because
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can be used with many cells, the right amount, can couple with engothermic reactions to minimize energy loss
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many different cells can __ ATP's common energy currency
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utilize
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energy released when ATP becomes ADP plus (P) is just enough for __ and __
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biological purposes; little energy is wasted
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ATP breakdown can couple with __ to __
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endothermic/endergonic reactions; minimize energy loss
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chemical work requires __ to synethisize cell molecules
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energy
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__ is done when substances are pumped across the plasma membrane
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transport work
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__ is done when muscles contract, cilia and flagella beat, chromosomes move, ect…
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mechanical work
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__ is the sum of all chemical activities accurring inside a cell.
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metabolism
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Metabolic pathways begin with a __ and end with a __.
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reactant; product
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__ involve many small steps
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metabolic pathways
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__ proceed in an orderly, step-by-step manner
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metabolic pathways
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Metabolic pathways allow one pathway to lead to other pathways if there are __
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several molecules in common
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metabolic pathways capture and use __ more easily since it is __ in small increments
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metabolic energy; released
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reactants in enzymatic reactions are called __
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substrates
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substrates are used to form a __, which in turn becomes the __ for the next reaction
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product; substrate
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every reaction in a cell requires a specific __
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enzyme
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enzyme naems are often formed by adding "__" to name of its substrate or by the action they perform
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ase
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enzymes are usually __
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protein molecules
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enzymes act as organic catalysts to __ chemical reaction
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speed up
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enzymes lower
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activation energy
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energy of activation is
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the amount of heat needed for a reaction to occur
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__ is needed to bring about a reaction in a cell
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heat
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enzymes lower energy of activation by forming an
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enzyme-substrate complex
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substrates attach to an enzyme at
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an active site
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the __ of an enzyme allows the enzyme substrate complex to form;explains the specificity of an enzyme
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shape
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the __ enzymes undergo a slight change in shape in order to achieve the best fit of the substrate
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induced fit model
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__ or __ of enzymes determines what reacton takes palce
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presence; absence
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enzymatic reactions can be __ if substrate fills activ sites most of the time
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rapid
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as __increases up to a certain point the enzymatic reactions increase
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temperature
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if it is too hott enzymatic reactions decline because the enzymes __
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denature
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each enzyme has an optimal __whichhelps maintain shape
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pH
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__ increases as substrate concentration increases
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activity
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an __ is any molefcule that can bind to an enzyme and stop reaction
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inhibitor
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__ is a common method cells use to refulate enzymatic reactions
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inhibition
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in __ inhinition, the inhibitor is similar in shape to the substrate and competes for the spot
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competitive
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in __ inhinition, a molecule will bind to a site other that the active site (the allosteric site) so that active site is altered
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non competitive
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__ is the normal way reactions are regulated in cells, product produced, inhibits acivity, when produce used up works again
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feedback
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many enzymes require a non protein __ to assist in carrying out their function
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cofactor
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some enzymes require __, organic molecules that bind to enzymes and serve as carriers for chemical groups
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coenzymes
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living organisms ultimately depend upon food produced by
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photosynethsis
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__ have the ability to synthesize organic molecule from raw materials
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autotrophs
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__ must take in reformed organic molecules
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heterotrophs
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bodies of plants become____ used for energy for machinery
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fossil fuels
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radiant energy is described by its
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wavelength
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gamma rays are __ and radio waves are __
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shortest; longest
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the __ is a narrow band ranging from violet (?) to red (?)
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visible sprectrem; shortest; longest
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__ is also highest for shorter violet and lowest for longer red light
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energy content
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about 42% of total __ that hits the atmosphere reaches through to the surface
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solar radiation
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higher energy wavelengths are screened out by __
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ozone
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lower energy wavelengths are screened out by _ and __
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water vapor; carbon dioxide
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life is adapted in vision and photosynthesis to the ____
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middle wavelengths
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__ and __ are pigments capable of absorbing portions of the visible light spectrum
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chlorophyll; carotenoids
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chlorophll absorbs farless __ light; thus __ is reflected and the leaves appear__
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green
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carotenoids absorb __ and relfect __; these remain in the fall and give the leaves their color
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violet-blue-green; yellow-orange
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__ are organelles found in plants cells that carry on photosynthesis
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chloroplasts
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__ is both utilized and produced by photosynthesis
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water
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a generalized __ is also produced during photosynthesis
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carbohydrate (CH20)
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the oxygen in the O2 produced by photosynthesis comes from the input of __
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water
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the reverse of photosynthesis is called
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cellular respiration
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in cellular respiration __ are oxidized and __ is reduced
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water molecules; CO2
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most chloroplasts are in __
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leaves
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mesophyll cells receive __ from __ extending up from the roots
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water; vessels
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__ enters and __ leaves through small pores in a leave called __
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CO2; O2; stomatta
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chloroplasts are bounded by
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double phospholipid bilayer membrane
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the space inside the chloroplasts
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stroma
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the __ contains an energy-rich solution that __ CO2 converting it to __
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stroma; reduces; an organic compound
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__ are stacks of flattened sacs
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grana
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__ the sacs piled on top of eachother to form the grana in chloroplast
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thylakoids
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chlorophyll and other pigments in the membranes absorb __ which energizes __ before reducing CO2 in the stroma
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solar energy; electrons
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Light reaction
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IN: light H20 NADP ADP
OUT: ATP NADPH 02 where: PSI PSII thylakoid membrane |
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Cavlin Cycle
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IN: ATP NADPH CO2 RuBP
OUT: Glucose ADP NADP+ where: stroma |
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Glycolysis
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IN: 6 Glucose ATP
OUT: 2 c-c-c (PYR) 2 NADH 2 ATP where: cytoplasm |
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transition
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IN: 2C-C-C (PYR)
OUT: 2 C-C-CoA 2 CO2 2NADH where: matrix in mito |
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ETC
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IN: 10 NADH 2FADH2 & O2
OUT: H2O ATP where: cristae |
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fermentation
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IN: PYR=C-C-C NADH
OUT: lactic acid NAD+ or alcohol and CO2 and NAD+ where: cytoplasm |
