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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Community
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the species that occur at any particular locality
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Species Richness
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the number of species present in a community
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Primary Productivity
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the amount of energy produced in a community
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Individualistic Concept
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a community is nothing more than an aggregation of species that happen to occur together at one place
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Holistic Concept
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views communities as an integrated unit
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Ecotones
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places where the environment changes abruptly, this is when a community shifts as a whole
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Niche
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the total of all the ways it uses the resources of its environment
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Interspecific Competition
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this occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough of the resource to satisfy both
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Interference Competition
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physical interactions over access to resources
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Exploitative Competition
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consuming the same resources
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Fundamental Niche
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the entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits an resource needs
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Realized Niche
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the actual set of environmental conditions, including the presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population
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Competitive Exclusion
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if two species are competing for a limited resource the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally
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Resource Partitioning
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subdividing a niche to avoid direct competition with one another
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Character Displacement
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the differences evident between sympatric species are though to have been favored by natural selection as a means of partitioning resources and thus reducing competition
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Predation
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the consuming of one organism by another
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Coevolution
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process by which adaptations are selected in lockstep fashion in both predator and prey, the evolution of such features causes natural selection to favor counter adaptations in predator populations
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Secondary Chemical Compounds
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chemicals which are the components of a major metabolic pathway
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Warning Coloration
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insects that advertises their poisonous nature using this ecological strategy
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Batesian Mimicry
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instances of palatable insects that resembled brightly colored, distasteful species
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Mullerian Mimicry
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several unrelated but protected animal species come to resemble one another, gain an advantage because they look alike and a predator will learn more quickly to avoid them, both are poisonous to predators
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Symbiosis
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two or more kinds of organisms interact in often elaborate and more or less permanent relationships
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Commensalism
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symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed
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Mutualism
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symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit
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Parasitism
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symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits but the other is harmed
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Ectoparasites
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parasites that feed on the exterior surface of an organism are external parasites
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Parasitoids
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insects that lay eggs on living hosts
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Endoparasites
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parasites that live within the body of their hosts
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Indirect Effects
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species may not directly interact, yet the presence of one species may affect a second by way of interactions with a third
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Keystone Species
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species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance
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Succession
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communities have a tendency to change from simple to complex
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Secondary Succession
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when all traces of a clearing will disappear and the area will again be woods, this occurs in areas where an existing community has been disturbed but organisms remain
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Primary Succession
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occurs on bare, lifeless substrate, such as rocks, or in open water, where organisms gradually move into an area and change its nature
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Tolerance
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early successional stages are characterized by weedy, r-selected species, that are tolerant of the harsh, abiotic conditions in barren areas
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Facilitation
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the weedy early successional stages introduce local changes in the habitat that favor other, less weedy species.
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Inhibition
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sometimes the changes in the habitat caused by one species, while favoring other species, also inhibit the growth of the original species that caused the changes
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Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
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communities experiencing moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher levels of species richness than communities experiencing either little or great amounts of disturbance.
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