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37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Community
the species that occur at any particular locality
Species Richness
the number of species present in a community
Primary Productivity
the amount of energy produced in a community
Individualistic Concept
a community is nothing more than an aggregation of species that happen to occur together at one place
Holistic Concept
views communities as an integrated unit
Ecotones
places where the environment changes abruptly, this is when a community shifts as a whole
Niche
the total of all the ways it uses the resources of its environment
Interspecific Competition
this occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough of the resource to satisfy both
Interference Competition
physical interactions over access to resources
Exploitative Competition
consuming the same resources
Fundamental Niche
the entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits an resource needs
Realized Niche
the actual set of environmental conditions, including the presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population
Competitive Exclusion
if two species are competing for a limited resource the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally
Resource Partitioning
subdividing a niche to avoid direct competition with one another
Character Displacement
the differences evident between sympatric species are though to have been favored by natural selection as a means of partitioning resources and thus reducing competition
Predation
the consuming of one organism by another
Coevolution
process by which adaptations are selected in lockstep fashion in both predator and prey, the evolution of such features causes natural selection to favor counter adaptations in predator populations
Secondary Chemical Compounds
chemicals which are the components of a major metabolic pathway
Warning Coloration
insects that advertises their poisonous nature using this ecological strategy
Batesian Mimicry
instances of palatable insects that resembled brightly colored, distasteful species
Mullerian Mimicry
several unrelated but protected animal species come to resemble one another, gain an advantage because they look alike and a predator will learn more quickly to avoid them, both are poisonous to predators
Symbiosis
two or more kinds of organisms interact in often elaborate and more or less permanent relationships
Commensalism
symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed
Mutualism
symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit
Parasitism
symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits but the other is harmed
Ectoparasites
parasites that feed on the exterior surface of an organism are external parasites
Parasitoids
insects that lay eggs on living hosts
Endoparasites
parasites that live within the body of their hosts
Indirect Effects
species may not directly interact, yet the presence of one species may affect a second by way of interactions with a third
Keystone Species
species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance
Succession
communities have a tendency to change from simple to complex
Secondary Succession
when all traces of a clearing will disappear and the area will again be woods, this occurs in areas where an existing community has been disturbed but organisms remain
Primary Succession
occurs on bare, lifeless substrate, such as rocks, or in open water, where organisms gradually move into an area and change its nature
Tolerance
early successional stages are characterized by weedy, r-selected species, that are tolerant of the harsh, abiotic conditions in barren areas
Facilitation
the weedy early successional stages introduce local changes in the habitat that favor other, less weedy species.
Inhibition
sometimes the changes in the habitat caused by one species, while favoring other species, also inhibit the growth of the original species that caused the changes
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
communities experiencing moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher levels of species richness than communities experiencing either little or great amounts of disturbance.