Biology Ch. 53

Front 1

Population ecology

Back 1

Study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on population.
-size, density, distribution, age structure.

Front 2

Population

Back 2

Group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area. Density

Front 3

Density

Back 3

The number of individuals per unit area divided by volume.

Have to estimate the population size to determine.

Front 4

Dispersion

Back 4

The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population.

Front 5

Population size can be estimated by:

Back 5

-Extrapolation from small samples
-an index of population size
-the mark-recapture method

Front 6

Mark-Recapture method

Back 6

Gather individuals, mark them and send them back out.

Front 7

Population size (density) are the result of...

Back 7

Interplay between processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals.

Front 8

Immigration

Back 8

The influx of new individuals from other areas.

Front 9

Emigration

Back 9

Individuals leaving areas.

Front 10

Add individuals to a population.

Back 10

Births and immigration.

Front 11

Remove individuals from a population.

Back 11

Deaths and emigration.

Front 12

Patterns of dispersion include:

Back 12

-clumped
-regular
-random
(Most common to least common)

Front 13

Clumped dispersion

Back 13

Individuals aggregate patterns

Front 14

Regular/uniform dispersion

Back 14

The individuals are evenly distributed

Front 15

Random dispersion

Back 15

The position of each individual is independent of other individuals.

Front 16

Demography

Back 16

Study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time.

Front 17

Life table

Back 17

An age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population.

Front 18

Cohort

Back 18

A group of individuals of the same age.

Front 19

Survivorship curve

Back 19

A graphic representation of data in a life table.

Front 20

Survivorship curves can be classified into 3 general types:

Back 20

-Type I: low death rates during early and middle life, then and increase among older age groups. (humans)

-Type II: the death rate is constant over a life span

-Type III: high death rates for young, then slower death rates for survivors. (Sea turtles and crocodiles)

Front 21

Reproductive table or fertility schedule

Back 21

Describes reproductive patterns in a population.

Front 22

Life history

Back 22

Comprises the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival:

- the age reproduction begins
- how often they reproduce
- how many offspring are produced each cycle

Front 23

Semelparity or big-bang reproduction

Back 23

Reproduce once and die

Front 24

Iteroparity or repeated reproduction

Back 24

Produce offspring repeatedly.

Front 25

If immigration and emigration are ignored...

Back 25

A populations growth rate (per capita included) equals BR-DR.

Front 26

Zero population growth occurs when

Back 26

BR=DR

Front 27

Exponential population growth

Back 27

Population increase under idealized circumstances

-results in a J-shaped curve

Front 28

Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in any population because...

Back 28

Of limited resources and predators.

Front 29

Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in any population because...

Back 29

Of limited resources and predators.

Front 30

Carrying capacity (K)

Back 30

Defined as the maximum population size the environment can support.

Front 31

Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in any population because...

Back 31

Of limited resources and predators.

Front 32

Carrying capacity (K)

Back 32

Defined as the maximum population size the environment can support.

Front 33

Logistic population growth model

Back 33

The per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached.

Front 34

The logistic model of population growth produces a...

Back 34

Sigmoid curve (S-shaped)

Front 35

Life history theory suggest that key events in the lifetime of an organism are:

Back 35

The result of natural selection favoring maximum reproduction success.

Front 36

K-selection or density-dependent selection

Back 36

Favors life history traits that are sensitive to population density.

Front 37

K-selected species typically...

Back 37

-take longer to mature
-reproduce later
-have longer lifespan
-produce fewer offspring
-provide extensive parental care

Front 38

R-selection or density-independent

Back 38

Favors life history traits that maximize reproduction

Front 39

R-selected species typically...

Back 39

-are opportunistic
-have a short/shorter maturation time
-have a shorter lifespan
-breed at a young age
-produce many small offspring
-provide no parental care

Front 40

Density-independent populations...

Back 40

BR and DR do not change with population density

Front 41

Density-independent populations...

Back 41

BR and DR do not change with population density

Front 42

Metapopulations

Back 42

Groups of populations that are linked by immigration and emigration.

Front 43

Demographic transition

Back 43

Move from the first state (high BR & DR) toward the second state (low BR & DR).

Front 44

Demographic transition is associated with

Back 44

-increase in quality of healthcare
-improved access to education, especially for women.

Front 45

Ecological footprint

Back 45

Summarizes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain people of a nation

Front 46

Carrying capacity can be limited by:

Back 46

-food
-space
-nonrenewable resources
-buildup of wastes