Biology Ch 5 Homeostasis/ Cell Transport

Front 1

Passive Transport

Back 1

when substances cross the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell

Front 2

Name the 4 types of Passive diffusion

Back 2

1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion 4. Ion channel

Front 3

Diffusion

Back 3

movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by the molecule’s kinetic energy

Front 4

simple diffusion

Back 4

Diffusion across a membrane is called simple diffusion. Simple diffusion across membrane depends on the size and type of molecule and chemical nature of the membrane.

Front 5

What 3 things influence simple diffusion?

Back 5

1. size of molecule
2.type of molecule
3.chemical nature of the membrane

Front 6

Concentration Gradient

Back 6

the difference in concentration of molecules across a distance. Molecules move down their concentration gradient, i.e.- from high to low concentration

Front 7

Molecules move____their concentration gradient. They move from ______ to _____ concentration

Back 7

down, high, low

Front 8

Equilibrium

Back 8

When the concentration of moleculesare equal through out the space they occupy. When in equilibrium the molecules are still randomly moving in many directions, with the different directions balancing each other.

Front 9

Osmosis

Back 9

passive transport of water across cell membranes, diffusion of water across cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis does not require cells to expend energy.

Front 10

A solution is composed of a ___ dissolved in a ____. In cells, solutes are ___ &___ compounds, and the solvent is____.

Back 10

solute, solvent
organic and inorganic
water

Front 11

Water diffuses from ____ to ____ solutions.

Back 11

hypotonic
hypertonic

Front 12

Hypotonic

Back 12

concentration of solute molecules is lower than concentration on other side; water will move to side with higher concentrate of solute

Front 13

Hypertonic

Back 13

concentration of solute molecules is higher than concentration on other side; water will move from the hypotonic to hypertonic side

Front 14

Isotonic

Back 14

when concentrations of solutes are equal on both sides, water will diffuse into and out of a cell at equal rates, so that there is no net movement

Front 15

Contractile Vacuole

Back 15

organelles that remove excess water and contract to pump water out of the cell. This is not passive, as it requires cell to expend energy. (example the unicellular fresh water organism, paramecium)

Front 16

Turgor Pressure

Back 16

pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

Front 17

Plasmolysis

Back 17

process by which plant cells wilt, because the are in a hypertonic environment, and water leaves the cell. This causes the cell to shrink away from the cell wall, and turgor pressure is lost.

Front 18

Cytolysis

Back 18

the bursting of cells, because of hypotonic environment water diffuses into the cell, causing it to swell and eventually burst. (ex: red blood cell in hypotonic environment)

Front 19

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 19

a form of passive transport, which uses carrier proteins in the cell membrane to assist movement of molecules, that maybe too large for the pores in the membrane, or non soluble in lipids of the membranes

Front 20

Carrier Protein

Back 20

specific proteins in cell membrane that allow facilitated diffusion to occur EX: Glucose is too large to cross cell membranes and only moves into cells because of carrier proteins

Front 21

What are carrier proteins specific to?

Back 21

A single molecule
(different carrier proteins exisit for glucose, and amino acids, etc.)

Front 22

Ion Channel

Back 22

another form of passive transport that uses a membrane protein channel to allow movement of an ion across the cell membrane. ( example of an ion: Na , K , Ca , Cl )

Front 23

Name 3 stimuli that gated ion channels respond to

Back 23

1.stretching
2. electrical signals
3.presence of certain chemicals in the cytosol

Front 24

Active Transport

Back 24

Movement of molecules up the concentration gradient, i.e. from low to high concentration. Active transport requires energy (ATP) from the cell.

Front 25

Cell Membrane pump

Back 25

Carrier protein used in active transport across a membrane

Front 26

3 forms of active transport

Back 26

1. Cell membrane pump such as the sodium-potassium pump 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis

Front 27

Sodium-Potassium Pump
NA / K

Back 27

A carrier protein pump that transports Na , and K , ions up their concentration gradient, a form of active transport.

Front 28

Where does the NA/K pump get it's energy?

Back 28

The cycle uses the P, phosphorus, from ATP-converting it into ADP

Front 29

What and how much does the NA/K pump move across the cell membrane?

Back 29

It moves 3 NA molecules out of the cell, and 2 K molecules into the cell

Front 30

What does the NA/K pump's action result in?

Back 30

It results in positive charge outside the cell and relative negative charge inside the cell, a current gradient.

Front 31

Give an example of use of the NA/K pump current gradient

Back 31

The current gradient is important for the conduction of electrical impulses along nerve cells.

Front 32

Endocytosis

Back 32

a form of active transport by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, including other cells, into a portion of the cell’s membrane that folds into itself, making a pouch that pinches off becoming a vesicle.

Front 33

vesicle

Back 33

a membrane bound organelle

Front 34

What are the 2 main forms of endocytosis?

Back 34

pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

Front 35

pinocytosis
(to drink)

Back 35

a form of endocytosis that involves the transport of solutes or fluids into the cell

Front 36

phagocytosis
(to eat)

Back 36

a form of endocytosis that involves the transport of large particles or whole cells into the cell

Front 37

Phagocyte

Back 37

Cells in a body that eat bacteria and viruses that invade the body. After eating the bad guys, lysosomes will fuse with the vesicle containing the bacteria or virus so that the lysosomal enzymes can kill the bacteria or virus.

Front 38

Give example of a phagocyte

Back 38

human white blood cells that fight infections from bacteria and viruses

Front 39

Exocytosis

Back 39

Process by which a substance is released from a cell (the reverse of endocytosis).

Front 40

ecto-

Back 40

outer, outside
ex:ectoderm (skin)

Front 41

endo-

Back 41

inner, inside
ex: endoplasm=cytoplasm or fluid inside the cell

Front 42

epi-

Back 42

upon, over
ex:epiphyte- plant growing upon another plant

Front 43

hyper-

Back 43

over, above
ex: hypertension (high blood pressure)

Front 44

hypo-

Back 44

under, below
ex: hypothalamus- part of the brain below the thalmus

Front 45

-ic

Back 45

of or pertaining to
ex: hpodermic- pertaining to under the skin

Front 46

-oma

Back 46

swelling
ex: tumor, hematoma (bruise)

Front 47

-some

Back 47

Body
ex: chromosome- structure containing DNA

Front 48

syn-

Back 48

with
ex: synapse- junction of a neuron with another cell

Front 49

trans-

Back 49

Across ex: transformation- the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another