Biology Ch 44 Respiration

Front 1

Countercurrent

Back 1

Blood and water flow in opposite dirctions to maxmize gas exchange

Front 2

How do animals maximize the effiency of repiration?

Back 2

increase [gradent] and SA
decrease diffusion distance(diffusion not affective for distance greater than .5mm)

Front 3

Why do terrestrials not have gills?

Back 3

Air is less bouyent then water and water diffuses to into air(gills would be a large area evaperation or loss of water could occur)

Front 4

The most efficient respiration system amoung terresterials is? why?

Back 4

found in birds and incoperates unidirectional air flow and cross current blood flow through the lungs

Front 5

What problem does repiration solve?

Back 5

the problem of aquisition and distribution of O2 and the diposil of CO2

Front 6

What does the circulatory systme do for respiration?

Back 6

Provides the commmunication pathway between internal(cellular) and external(body sytem level) repiration

Front 7

What relationship is used to govern the rate of diffusion b/t two regions

Back 7

Ficks Law of diffusion
R=DxA(delta p / d)
R:amt of CO2 or O2 diffusing per unit of time
D:diffusion constant
A:SA diffusion takes place
delta p:diff in []=parial P of gas b/t intenal fluid and ex enviroment
d: distance across diffusion takes place(how deep the mine shaft is)

Front 8

What are some improvements invertabrates use for the movemnt of water over repiratory structures? other?

Back 8

Many involve beating of cilia, which countinously replace water over the repiratory surface which ultimatly increase delta P.
Bring external enviroment closer to the internal fluid.

Front 9

Dry air is composed of
____ %?

Back 9

78.09% nitrogen
20.95% oxygen
0.93% argon
0.03 carbon dioxide
convection currents cause air to have a constant compisition up to 100 kilomoters but the amt decreases w/ altitude(ratio same)

Front 10

atmospheric pressure

Back 10

760 mm Hg or 1 ATM or the air pressure as measured by a barometer

Front 11

partial pressure

Back 11

atmospheric pressure x fractional composition

Front 12

Gills

Back 12

examples:simple popula of echinoderms or complex gills of fish

Front 13

external gills

Back 13

-Increase SA for diffision greater then they could have from body surface alone
-not enclosed in a body structure
-must be moved constantly to water from O2 depltion
-damaged easily very thin
-create resistance

Front 14

Gills of bony fish
operculum
opercular cavity
Gill arches

Back 14

located b/t buccal(mouth) cavity and opercualr cavity
Respiration (one way)
1) open mouth closed operculum draws water in 2) closed mouth open operculum draws water through gills to the outside

cover of gills
space b/t gills and operculum

there are 4 on each side
each arch has 2 rows of gill filaments and each filament contains plates or lamellae
and blood flows countercurrent
appears to be at a 90 angle to the water - as to |

Front 15

Ram ventilation

Back 15

fish that contiuously swim w/ mouth partly open to force water over there gills

Front 16

What does repiration involve?

Back 16

diffusion of gas across a plasma membrane.
plasma membrane must be surrounded by water so the external enviroment for gas exchange is always aqueous
ex for terestrial O dissolves in a thin layer of fluid that covers the respiratory sruface

Front 17

Lung

Back 17

air enters a branched tubular passage way and become saturated w/ water vapor b/4 it reachs the thin wet mem of the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Front 18

Uniform pool

Back 18

two way flow air in and out goes through one path(cul de sac)

Front 19

What are the four classes of terrestrials?

Back 19

amphibians, reptiles, mammals, Birds