Biology Ch 4

Front 1

What is surface-area-to-volume ratio?

Back 1

As a cell gets larger, its volume increases at a faster rate than its surface area.

Front 2

What are all living organisms composed of?

Back 2

Cells

Front 3

What organizes the cell interior into functional compartments?

Back 3

Membranes

Front 4

Name a type of cell that has more than one nucleus.

Back 4

Skeletal muscle cells

Front 5

What are cells in the nervous system called?

Back 5

Neurons

Front 6

What is the shape of a neuron, a cell in the nervous system.

Back 6

Neurons are long slender cells, some extending more than a meter in length.

Front 7

Which cells contain DNA?

Back 7

All cells

Front 8

What are the simplest organisms?

Back 8

Prokaryotes

Front 9

In a prokaryote where does the DNA molecule reside?

Back 9

near the center of the cell in the nucleoid

Front 10

Where does the DNA of eukaryotes reside?

Back 10

In the nucleus

Front 11

What is the semi fluid matrix that fills the interior of every cell

Back 11

Cytoplasm

Front 12

Why is cytoplasm more like jello than water?

Back 12

Because of the high concentration of proteins and other macromolecules

Front 13

What helps molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane of a cell?

Back 13

Transport proteins

Front 14

All cells are bounded by ___ and filled with cytoplasm?

Back 14

A plasma membrane

Front 15

Which type of cell is like a one room cabin in which eating, sleeping, and watching TV all occur?

Back 15

A prokaryotic cell

Hint 15

They lack interior organization

Front 16

What is an example of an organelle?

Back 16

A ribosome

Front 17

What is the strength and shape of a cell determined by?

Back 17

The cell wall

Front 18

In eukaryotic plant cells, where are photosynthetic pigments found?

Back 18

In the inner membrane of the chloroplast

Front 19

Name two benefits of the cell wall.

Back 19

they protect the cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water.

Front 20

The cell walls of Archaea are composed of various chemical compounds? Name two.

Back 20

Polysaccharides and proteins

Front 21

What is the common distinguishing feature of archaea and bacteria?

Back 21

The nature of their membrane lipids

Front 22

What are flagella?

Back 22

Long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell that are used in locomotion.

Front 23

Who speculated that cells are living entities and plants are aggregates of cells?

Back 23

Schleiden

Front 24

List the structural elements unique to eukaryotic cells.

Back 24

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cytoskeleton, nucleus, endomembrane system, vesicles, cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plasmodesmata, and centrioles

Front 25

What acts as the cell's information center?

Back 25

The nucleus

Front 26

What is the dark staining zone of nuclei?

Back 26

The nucleolus

Front 27

What happens in the nucleolus?

Back 27

Intensive synthesis of ribosomal RNA takes place in the nucleolus

Front 28

The surface of the nucleus is bounded by two phospholipid bilayer membranes, which together make up the ___?

Back 28

Nuclear envelope

Front 29

What are the shallow depressions in the electron micrograph that are scattered over the surface of the nuclear envelope?

Back 29

Nuclear pores

Front 30

What can affect the function of DNA?

Back 30

the structure of chromatin

Front 31

What are the cells protein synthesis machinery?

Back 31

Ribosomes

Front 32

Each ribosomes is composed of how many subunits?

Back 32

2

Front 33

Each subunit in ribosomes is composed of ___ and ___ ?

Back 33

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and several dozen different proteins

Front 34

What is messenger RNA (rRNA)?

Back 34

RNA which carries coding information from DNA

Front 35

What does transfer RNA (tRNA) carry?

Back 35

Amino acids

Front 36

Where are ribosomes found?

Back 36

Either free in the cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes called endoplasmic reticulum

Front 37

What is the largest of the internal membranes called?

Back 37

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 38

What does endoplasmic mean?

Back 38

Within the cytoplasm

Front 39

which type of endoplasmic reticulum is a site of protein synthesis?

Back 39

Rough ER (RER)

Front 40

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is composed of flattened sacs throughout the cytoplasm?

Back 40

Rough ER

Front 41

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is a tube like structure?

Back 41

Smooth ER

Front 42

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Back 42

Sorts and packages proteins

Front 43

what is another name for Golgi apparatus?

Back 43

Golgi body

Front 44

What is a practical way to think of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 44

But it is the Post Office of the cell. It functions in the collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized at one location and used at another within the cell or even outside of it.

Front 45

What are membrane bounded digestive vesicles?

Back 45

Lysosomes

Front 46

Name two variables that affect the rate of diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane.

Back 46

Distance of diffusion, surface area, concentration gradient of substance, temperature

Front 47

Name the type of microbody found in eukaryotic cells where hydrogen peroxide is produced as a byproduct of the action of certain oxidative enzymes.

Back 47

Peroxisome

Front 48

Which type of filaments are associated with cell shape, movement, contraction, and cell division?

Back 48

Actin filaments

Front 49

Name a function of lysosomes.

Back 49

Digestion of substances taken in by endocytosis, recycling of building blocks to make new molecules, and breaking down macromolecules in the cell

Front 50

Name 4 steps of protein transport through the endomembrane system in the correct order.

Back 50

1. Transport vesicles that contain proteins bud from the rough ER. 2. Proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus. 3. Proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles. 4. Proteins are released to the extracellular environment.

Front 51

the cytoskeletal element, microfilaments, are composed of what chemical makeup?

Back 51

Actin

Front 52

The cytoskeletal element, microtubules, are composed of what chemical makeup?

Back 52

Tubulin

Front 53

The cytoskeletal element, intermediate filaments, are composed of what chemical makeup?

Back 53

Protein tetramers

Front 54

CA2+ are stored in which ER?

Back 54

Smooth ER

Front 55

Name two methods by which cells may move.

Back 55

Swimming and crawling

Front 56

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?

Back 56

To support cell shape and anchor organelles in the cell

Front 57

In which type of cell are the largest vacuoles found?

Back 57

Plant cells

Front 58

Name two functions of intermediate filaments.

Back 58

1. Providing structural stability. 2. Anchorage of cell. 3. Providing mechanical strength.

Front 59

The function of these organelles is to capture light energy and synthesize organic molecules, such as glucose, in the process of photosynthesis.

Back 59

Chloroplasts

Front 60

Name two fibers used in the cell division of animal cells.

Back 60

Microtubules and actin

Front 61

Which fiber is involved with cellular crawling?

Back 61

Actin

Front 62

Which cellular organelles use chemical energy stored within the covalent bonds of organic molecules to produce ATP?

Back 62

Mitochondria

Front 63

Identify a function of cell vacuoles.

Back 63

Storage or regulation of volume

Front 64

What structure prevents excessive stretching of cells?

Back 64

Intermediate filaments

Front 65

Name a structure involved in eukaryotic cell division.

Back 65

The microtubule organizing center

Front 66

What is composed of microtubules but are typically shorter than flagella and tend to cover all or part of the surface of a cell?

Back 66

Cilia

Front 67

Name two capacities in which vacuoles function in plant cells.

Back 67

They deal with tonicity and they store dissolved substances.

Front 68

What is the complex of DNA and proteins in a eukaryotic cell referred to?

Back 68

Chromatin

Front 69

What type of molecules can move through the nuclear envelope?

Back 69

RNA and ions

Front 70

Name a hallmark of eukaryotic cells.

Back 70

Compartmentalization

Front 71

What are long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell that are used in locomotion?

Back 71

Flagella

Front 72

Peroxisomes contain the enzyme catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into ___ and ___ ?

Back 72

Water and oxygen