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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All organisms are made of ...
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chemical substances
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What an organism is, depends on
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-what type of atoms its made out of
-how the atoms combine |
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Are essential to all living things; are used in chemical reactions; provide energy for metabolism
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chemical substances
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How many chemical elements does life require?
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25
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anything that occupies space; has mass; made of atoms; composed of elements;
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Matter
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How many states does matter occur in and what are they?
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4, solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
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pure substance that cannot be broken down and is made of only 1 type of atom
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Element
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What four elements are the most abundant in the human body?
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CHON Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
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How is an element shown?
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It is given a symbol that is written in 1,2, or 3 letters.
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makes up 0.01% of the body; are still critical for health
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trace element.
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contains 2 or more elements; chemically combined; fixed ratio and properties may greatly differ from single elements
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compound
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Example of compound
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H20 = liquid
H, O= flammable gasses NaCl= solid Na=Silver metal, will burn skin Cl=yellow, poisonous gas |
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Most abundant compound
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water
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all contain "C" Carbon; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids(fats) nucleic acids
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organic compounds
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smallest unit of matter; consists of 3 subatomic particles
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atom
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positive charge, p+
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protons
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neutral, no charge n0
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neutrons
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negative charge, e-
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electrons
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located in center of atom; contains protons and neutrons
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nucleus
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located outside/around nucleus; contains electrons; electrons orbit nucleus in different energy levels
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electron cloud
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What to atoms want?
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full energy levels
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how many electrons does the 1st level contain?
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2
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How many do the other levels contain?
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8
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e- on outermost energy level; most energy
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valence electrons
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electron transfer; to help fill energy levels; one atom gives up electron; another atom takes electron
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ionic bond
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electrically charged atoms
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ion
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two or more atoms SHARE electrons; moving electrons travel in energy levels of both atoms; positives and negatives attract each other
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covalent bonds
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smallest unit of compound; atoms held by covalent bonds; can be 1 element or different elements
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molecule
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EX; 1 element molecule
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H 2 and O2
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ex: different element molecule
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H2O CO2
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weak attraction between charged are of one molecule and negative charged area of different molecule
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hydrogen bond
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gives the type of atoms; gives the number of atoms in a compound
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chemical formula(molecular formula)
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Example of chemical formula
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H 2 O, CO 2, O 2, 2NaCl
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shows a chemical reaction; chemical formulas and symbols
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chemical equation
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reactants
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starting materials
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ending materials
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products
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how to do chemical equation
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reactants ------> products
(yield) |
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shows arrangement of atoms
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structural formula
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True or False: Water is a polar molecule
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True
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True or False: oxygen doesn't hog the electrons
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False: does
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oppositely charged regions
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polar
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WHy does oxygen hog the electrons
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It is bigger and is a negatively charged area
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is smaller and is a positively charged area
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hydrogen
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_______ attracts other _______
(saying) |
polar molecules; polar molecules; "opposites attract"
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attraction between + H and - O regions in different molecules; not a strong bond
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hydrogen bond
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attraction between same molecules; water sticks to itself (EX)
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cohesion; water drop
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caused by cohesion "tough, stretchy skin" of water; caused by hydrogen bonds; (EX)
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surface tension; paper clip, razor on water; water skimmers standing on water
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substance that breaks Hydrogen bonds; causes water molecules to separate; EX
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surfactant; soy lecithin, soap
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attraction between different substances; water likes exploring other substances; EX
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adhesion; water sticking to cars, leaves, graduates
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process where water moves up against gravity caused by cohesion and adhesion; EX
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capillary action; plant getting water from roots
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What does water have for temp.?
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temp. moderation
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Temperature Moderation of water
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means it can resist temp changes
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once hot, water cools slowly; takes a long time to cool in the fall/ winter
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means it stores heat; EX; lake erie
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water does not heat quickly; takes a long time to warm up in spring/ summer
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means it keeps cool; EX how long it takes water to boil
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True or False: Not a lot of energy is required for water to evaporate or to brake the hydrogen bonds
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False; A LOT
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Example of high heat of vaporization in water and how it works
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sweat evaporation; keeps body cool by using heat from body to evaporate water; helps maintain homeostasis
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Does water have a high density when frozen?
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no it has a low one
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WHat happens to water when frozen?
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it expands; molecules are spaced further apart; less dense than liquid water; ex ice floats.
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When a lake freezes does it freeze all the way to the bottom
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no because it would kill living organisms.
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water dissolves other polar substances which means it is a _____
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solvent
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electrolytes
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K+, Na+, Cl-
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substance that dissolves other substances; present in a greater amount
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solvent
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substance that gets dissolved; present in a lesser amoutn
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solute
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combination of solute and solvent; both are evenly distributed
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solution
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solution where water is the solvent
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aqueous solution
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Water forms _____ easily
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ions
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electrically charged atom; caused from losing/gaining atom
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ion
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water turnst to ___ and __ easily
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H+ and OH-
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Examples of water forming to ions
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juices left to long turn fizzy; wince an turn to vinegar
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the number of hydrogen ions in a solution; numerical values are 0-14
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pH
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solution with high amount of H+ ions; pH values bellow 7
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acid
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hydrogen ions
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H+
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solution with high amount of OH- ions; pH value above 7
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base (alkaline)
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hydroxide ion
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OH-
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relatively equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions
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neutral
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1. pure water
2. lemon juice, bile vinegar 3. ammonia, soap, blood |
1. neutral
2. acid 3. base |
