Biology Ch 4

Front 1

tissue (def)

Back 1

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Front 2

four major types of tissues

Back 2

epithelial-linings and surfaces; connective; muscle; nervous

Front 3

sheets of cells that line body cavities and cover surfaces

Back 3

epithelial tissues

Front 4

epithelial tissue that forms linings

Back 4

mouth, bladder

Front 5

epi. tissues that protects underlying tissues

Back 5

skin

Front 6

epi. tissu that reduces friction and allows flow of substances

Back 6

lining of blood vessels

Front 7

epi. tissue that absorbs water and nutrients

Back 7

kidney cells

Front 8

epi. tissue that secretes waste products

Back 8

intestines

Front 9

specialized epi. tissues that synthesize and secrete specific products

Back 9

glands

Front 10

hormone (def)

Back 10

a chemical messenger that has an effect on specific target cells throughout the body. They are secreted in the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands

Front 11

the primary function of all simple epithelial tissues

Back 11

allows molecules to diffuse easily

Front 12

two examples of simple epithelium

Back 12

blood vessels, lungs

Front 13

primary function of all stratified epithelial tissues

Back 13

provides protection to underlying cells

Front 14

three examples of stratified epithelium

Back 14

vagina, mouth, skin

Front 15

the cells of epi. tissues rest of __ which is made of __ secreted by the epi. tissues

Back 15

basement membrane; protein

Front 16

two functions of the basement membrane

Back 16

structural support; attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues

Front 17

four functions of connective tissue

Back 17

connects parts of the body; protects and supports body organs; stores fat; produces blood cells

Front 18

two broad categories of connective tissue

Back 18

fibrous; specialized

Front 19

two functions of fibrous connective tissue

Back 19

connects body parts; provides strength, support, flexibility

Front 20

fibrous connective tissue consists of fibers and cells embedded in a ground substance made of __ __ and ___

Back 20

water, polysaccharides, proteins

Front 21

The fibers in fibrous connective tissue are made of protein that is secreted by cells called

Back 21

fibroblasts

Front 22

three types of fibrous connective tissue fibers and their function

Back 22

collagen - gives strength; elastic - flexibility and strength; reticular - thinner collagen fibers that interconnect

Front 23

three other cells found in the ground substance of fibrous connective tissue

Back 23

fat, mast, white blood (cells)

Front 24

four types of fibrous connective tissue

Back 24

loose/areolar, dense, elastic, reticular/lymphoid

Front 25

fib conn tissue found in tendons and ligaments

Back 25

dense

Front 26

fib conn tissue surrounding the stomach, bladder, and vocal chords

Back 26

elastic

Front 27

fib conn tissue, both collagen and elastic acting as packing material around organs, muscles, and blood vessels

Back 27

loose

Front 28

fib conn tissue that is an internal framework in the liver, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes

Back 28

reticular

Front 29

the four specialized conn tissues

Back 29

cartilage, bone, blood, adipose tissue

Front 30

specialized conn tissue that is the precursor to bone, that protects and cushions joints, and that maintains shape of certain body parts

Back 30

cartilage

Front 31

cartilage is composed of densely-packed __ fibers in a ground substance containing a lot of ___

Back 31

collagen; water

Front 32

cartilage is produced by cells called ____ which become trapped in ____ as they develop into mature ___

Back 32

chondroblasts; lacunae; chondrocytes

Front 33

bone consists of hard mineral deposits of ___ and ____ and very few ___

Back 33

calcium, phosphate, cells

Front 34

slow to heal if injured

Back 34

cartilage

Front 35

quick to heal if injured because it contains many blood vessels

Back 35

bone

Front 36

specialized conn tissue consisting of cells suspended in a fluid matrix

Back 36

blood

Front 37

the fluid matrix of blood

Back 37

plasma

Front 38

blood cell that causes blood to clot

Back 38

platelets

Front 39

blood cell that transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells

Back 39

red blood cells

Front 40

blood cell that defends against pathogenic organisms and abnormal/foreign cells

Back 40

white blood cells

Front 41

blood cell that carries metabolic waste products away from cells

Back 41

red blood cells

Front 42

adipose tissue consists mainly of large, rounded cells called

Back 42

adipocytes (fat cells)

Front 43

three functions of adipose tissue

Back 43

store energy, provide insulation under skin, cushion and protect internal organs

Front 44

muscle that contracts to cause body parts to move

Back 44

skeletal

Front 45

muscle that surrounds hollow organs and tubes (urinary bladder, blood vessels)

Back 45

smooth

Front 46

communicating gap junctions between adjoining cells in cardiac muscle

Back 46

intercalated discs

Front 47

four places in the body where smooth muscle is found

Back 47

blood vessels, digestive tract, bladder, uterus

Front 48

nervous tissue is located in the ___ ___ and ___

Back 48

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Front 49

nervous tissue cells that generate and transmit electrical impulses

Back 49

neurons

Front 50

neurons are surrounded, protected, and nourished by ___ cells

Back 50

glial

Front 51

three parts of a neuron

Back 51

cell body (contains nucleus), dendrites (cytoplasmic extensions that receive signals from other neurons), axon - single, long extension that transmits electrical impulses over great distances

Front 52

organ (def)

Back 52

structure composed of 2+ tissue types joined together to perform specific functions

Front 53

thoracic cavity

Back 53

chest

Front 54

pleural cavity

Back 54

part of chest cavity that has the lungs

Front 55

pericardial cavity

Back 55

part of chest cavity that has the heart

Front 56

abdominal cavity

Back 56

contains digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

Front 57

nearer to the trunk

Back 57

proximinal

Front 58

farther away from the trunk

Back 58

distal

Front 59

toward or at the midline (inner side)

Back 59

medial

Front 60

away from the midline (outer side)

Back 60

lateral

Front 61

toward the front

Back 61

anterior

Front 62

toward the back

Back 62

posterior

Front 63

integumentary system

Back 63

skin and its accessory structures

Front 64

five functions of skin

Back 64

prevents dehydration, protects from injury, provides defense agnst. microorganisms, regulates body temp, provides sensation

Front 65

tissue membrane

Back 65

layer of epi. tissue + layer of conn tissue

Front 66

the epidermis consists of ___ ___ epi. cells or multiple layers of flattened cells

Back 66

stratified, squamous

Front 67

thick inner layer of conn tissue beneath the epidermis

Back 67

dermis

Front 68

supportive layer on which the skin rests? which consists of loose connective tissue and __ cells

Back 68

hypodermis, fat

Front 69

contains many blood vessels that provide nutrients to outer skin, provides strength against abrasion and tearing and allows skin to stretch, and allows skin to move and bend by being flexible

Back 69

dermis

Front 70

cushions against injury, anchors dermis to muscle, provides insulation against heat loss

Back 70

hypodermis

Front 71

provides protection from injury and wear

Back 71

epidermis

Front 72

two areas where the hypodermis is thick

Back 72

palms and soles of feet

Front 73

the most numerous cells in the epidermis

Back 73

keratinocytes

Front 74

actively dividing keratinocytes near the base of the epidermis

Back 74

basal

Front 75

where are melanocytes located?

Back 75

near base of epidermis

Front 76

function of melanocytes

Back 76

produce melanin

Front 77

most abunden cells in the dermis; produce collagen, elastic, reticular conn tissue fibers that make up the dermis

Back 77

fibroblasts

Front 78

the seven accessory structures of the dermis

Back 78

hair, smooth muscle, oil glands, sweat glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings

Front 79

sweat glands secrete a watery fluid containing ions, metabolic wastes and ___ (a protein that is an antibiotic)

Back 79

dermicidin

Front 80

three functions of the blood vessels in the dermis

Back 80

supply nutrients, remove waste from dermis and epidermis, regulate body temp

Front 81

info about the external environment is relayed through sensory nerve endings in the

Back 81

dermis

Front 82

in a multicellular organism, the fluid btwn the cells is called

Back 82

intersitial fluid

Front 83

In living organisms, homeostasis is maintained by

Back 83

negative feedback control systems