Biology - Ch. 3

Front 1

Polymers

Back 1

A large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers

Front 2

Monomers

Back 2

A small molecule, two or more of which can be combined to form oligomers or polymers

Front 3

Macromolecules

Back 3

Polymers with molecular weights exceeding 1,000

Front 4

Functional Groups

Back 4

Certain small groups of atoms that are consistently found together in a variety of different biological molecules.

Front 5

Isomers

Back 5

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but that atoms are arranged differently

Front 6

Structural Isomers

Back 6

Molecules made up of the same kinds and numbers of atoms, in which the atoms are bonded differently

Front 7

Optical Isomers

Back 7

Two isomers that are mirror images of each other

Front 8

Condensation Reactions

Back 8

A reaction in which two molecules become connected by a covalent bond and a molecule of water is released

Front 9

Hydrolysis Reactions

Back 9

A chemical reaction that breaks a bond by inserting the components of water

Front 10

Proteins

Back 10

The functions of this include structural support, protection, transport, catalysis, defense, regulation, and movement

Front 11

Amino Acids

Back 11

Organic compounds containing both NH2 and COOH groups. Proteins are polymers of amino acids

Front 12

R Group

Back 12

The distinguishing group of atoms of a particular amino acid

Front 13

Disulfide Bridge

Back 13

The covalent bond between two sulfur atoms linking to molecules or remote parts of the same molecule

Front 14

Peptide Bond

Back 14

The bond between amino acids in a protein. Formed between a carboxyl group and amino group with the loss of water molecules

Front 15

Primary Structure

Back 15

The precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain constitutes this of a protein

Front 16

Secondary Structure

Back 16

Consists of regular, repeated spatial patterns in different regions of a polypeptide chain.

Front 17

Alpha Helix

Back 17

A right-handed coil that is "threaded" in the same direction as a standard wood screw

Front 18

Beta Pleated Sheet

Back 18

Formed from two or more polypeptide chains that are almost completly extended and aligned

Front 19

Tertiary Structure

Back 19

The polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back and forth, resulting in this

Front 20

Quaternary Structure

Back 20

Resultsd from the ways in which these subunitrs bind together and interact

Front 21

Ligand

Back 21

Any molecule that binds to a receptor site of another molecule

Front 22

Denaturation

Back 22

The loss of a protein's normal three-dimensional structure, and it is always accompanied by a loss of the normal biological function of the protein

Front 23

Chaperonins

Back 23

A class of proteins that limit inappropriate protein interactions

Front 24

Carbohydrates

Back 24

Molecules containjing barbon atoms flanked by hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups and have two roles:
1) They are a source of energy that can be released in a form usable by body tissues
2) They serve as carbon skeletons that can be rearranged to form new molecules that are essential for biological structures and functions

Front 25

Monosaccarides

Back 25

A simple sugar.

Front 26

Disaccarides

Back 26

Consist of two monosaccarides linked together by covalent bonds

Front 27

Oligosaccarides

Back 27

Made up of several (3-20) monosaccharides

Front 28

Polysaccarides

Back 28

Large polymers composed of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides

Front 29

Glucose

Back 29

The most common monosaccaride; the monomer of the polysaccarides starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Front 30

Hexoses

Back 30

A six-carbon sugar

Front 31

Pentose

Back 31

A five-carbon sugara

Front 32

Glycosidic Linkages

Back 32

Bond between carbohydrate molecules through an intervening oxygen atom

Front 33

Starch

Back 33

A polysaccaride of glucose with alpha helix-glycosidic linkages, and is comprised of a family of giant molecules of broadly similar structures

Front 34

Glycogen

Back 34

A highly branched polysaccharide of glucose that stores glucose in animal livers and muscles

Front 35

Cellulose

Back 35

A polysaccaride of glucose, but its individual monosaccharides are connected by beta-pleated sheet-glycosidic linkages, and is the predominant compone of plant cell walls, and is by far the most abundant organic compound on Earth

Front 36

Lipids

Back 36

Hydrocarbons that are insoluable in water because of their many nonpolar covalent bonds

Front 37

Fats

Back 37

Trigylcerides that are solid at room temperature

Front 38

Oils

Back 38

Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperarture

Front 39

Glycerol

Back 39

A small molecule with three hydroxyl groups

Front 40

Fatty Acid

Back 40

Made up of a long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and a plar carboxyl group

Front 41

Triglyceride

Back 41

Contains three fatty acid molecules and one molecule of glycerol

Front 42

Ester Linkage

Back 42

A condensation reaction in which the carboxyl group of a fatty acid reacts with the hydroxly group of an alcohol

Front 43

Saturated Fatty Acids

Back 43

All the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds

Front 44

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Back 44

The hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds

Front 45

Phospholipids

Back 45

Lipids containing a phosphate group; important constituents of cellular membranes

Front 46

Bilayer

Back 46

A sheet two molecules thick, with water excluded from the core

Front 47

Vitamins

Back 47

Small molecules that are not synthesized by the human body and so must be acquired from the diet

Front 48

Nucleic Acid

Back 48

Polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information

Front 49

DNA

Back 49

A macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and passes it from generation to generation

Front 50

RNA

Back 50

Through this intermediate, the information encoded in DNA is used to specify the amino acid sequence of proteins

Front 51

Nucleotides

Back 51

Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called these, each of which consists of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

Front 52

Base

Back 52

These of nucleic acids take one of two chemical forms: a pyrimidine or a purine

Front 53

Pyrimidine

Back 53

A base that is a single-ring structure

Front 54

Purine

Back 54

A base that is a fused-ring structure

Front 55

Deoxyribose

Back 55

The pentose sugar in DNA

Front 56

Ribose

Back 56

The sugar found in RNA which differs by one oxygen atom

Front 57

Phosphodiester Linkages

Back 57

The connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by linking two nucleotides

Front 58

Adenine

Back 58

A nitrogen-containing base found in nucleic acids, ATP, NAD, and other compounds
(A)

Front 59

Cytosine

Back 59

A nitrogen-contining base found in DNA and RNA
(C)

Front 60

Guanine

Back 60

A nitrogen-containing base found in DNA, RNA, and GTP
(G)

Front 61

Thymine

Back 61

A nitrogen-containing base found in DNA
(T)

Front 62

Complementary Base Pairing

Back 62

The AT (or AU), TA (or UA), CG, and GC pairing of bases in double-stranded DNA, in transcription, and between tRNA and mRNA

Front 63

Uracil

Back 63

A pyrimidine base found in nucleotides of RNA (U)

Front 64

Double Helix

Back 64

In DNA, the natural, right-handed coil configuration of two complementary, antiparallel strands

Front 65

Chemical Evolution

Back 65

Conditions on primitive Earth led to the emergence of large molecules unique to life

Front 66

Ribozymes

Back 66

Can catalyze reactions on their own nucleotides as well as in other cellular substances