Biology Ch. 2 And 3

Front 1

Covalent bonds

Back 1

- two atoms share electrons

-no net charge

-satisfy octet rule

-no unpaired electron

Front 2

Ionic bond

Back 2

- formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions

Ex: Na+ Cl-

Na losses electron

Cl gains an electron

Front 3

Buffers and how it works

Back 3

- substance that resists change in pH

- releases hydrogen ions when a base is added

- absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added

Front 4

Why does ice float

Back 4

Ice floats because its density is lighter than water

Front 5

Why does salt dissolve in water?

Back 5

Salt dissolves in water because the positive part of water molecules attracts the negative chloride ions and the negative part of water molecules attract a positive sodium ions

Front 6

Isotopes

Back 6

Atoms of a single element that possesses different numbers of neutrons

Ex- carbon 12, 13, and 14 have 6, 7, and 8 neutrons.

Hint 6

Carbon12,13 14

Front 7

Redox reaction

Back 7

Gain or loss of an electron from one atom to another

Front 8

What are the two types of redox reaction and give their definition?

Back 8

Oxidation- loss of an electron

Reduction- gain of elven

Front 9

What are the 12 elements found in living organisms?

Back 9

Carbon,

oxygen,

hydrogen,

nitrogen,

sodium,

chlorine,

calcium,

phosphorus,

potassium,

sulfur,

iron,

magnesium

Front 10

Which four elements make up 96.3% of the human body weight?

Back 10

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

Front 11

Three important types of bonding

Back 11

Ionic bond

Covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

Front 12

Cohesion

Back 12

Water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding ( sticks to self)

Front 13

Adhesion

Back 13

Water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding (sticks to others)

Front 14

What is electronegativity and what role does it play in covalent bonds?

Back 14

-The power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself

- differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds

Front 15

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Back 15

Equal sharing of electrons

Front 16

Polar covalent bonds

Back 16

Unequal sharing of electrons

Front 17

Polarity of water

Back 17

- oxygen is much more electronegative than Hydrogen

-Partial electrical charges develop

-Oxygen is partially negative

-Hydrogen is partially positive

Front 18

Acid

Back 18

-Any substance that disassociates in water to increase the H+ and lower the pH

- the stronger acid is, the more hydrogen ions it produces and the lower its pH

Front 19

Base

Back 19

Lowers h+and raises the ph

Front 20

Buffers

Back 20

Substance that resists changes in pH

Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added and absorbing hydrogen ions when an acid is added

Front 21

DNA and RNA

Back 21

DNA has double helix and RNA has single helix

Front 22

List and briefly describe the levels of protein structure

Back 22

1. Primary structure- sequence of amino acids

2. Secondary structure- interaction of groups in the peptide backbone

-alfa helix

-beta sheet

3. Tertiary structure- final folded shape of a globular protein

4. Quaternary structure- arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein with two or more polypeptide chains

Front 23

What elements makes up the framework of all biological molecules?

Back 23

Proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids

Front 24

Hydrocarbons

Back 24

Molecule consisting of carbon and hydrogen

Front 25

Isomers

Back 25

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

Same number of atoms of each element, but have different arrangements of their Adam

Structural isomers

Stereoisomers

Enantiomers

Front 26

Carbohydrates

Back 26

Energy storage and structural molecules

Ex: sugars, starches, glucose

Front 27

Nucleic acids

Back 27

Carry information inside cells

Ex: DNA- cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine,

RNA: cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil

Front 28

Proteins

Back 28

1. Enzymes catalysts

2. Defense (immune system)

3. Transport: move small molecules and ions throughout the body

4. Support

5. Motion

6. Regulation

7. Storage

Front 29

Chaperones

Back 29

Proteins to help other proteins fold properly

Front 30

Lipids

Back 30

Fats, they are insoluble in water

Front 31

Saturated and unsaturated fats

Back 31

Saturated

- single bonds between carbon atoms

- have a higher melting point

-solid

Unsaturated

- double bonds,

-low melting point,

-liquid

Front 32

What are the four biological macromolecules?

Back 32

Carbohydrates, nucleic acid, proteins, lipids

Front 33

Hydrolysis reaction

Back 33

Water added into a substance to split the water molecules and the substance

Front 34

Dehydration reaction

Back 34

Loss of water molecule

Front 35

Polymer

Back 35

A substance that has a molecular structure consisting of a large number of similar units bonded together

Front 36

Monomer

Back 36

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

Front 37

What are the monomers for carbohydrates

Back 37

Monosaccharides

Front 38

Polymer for carbohydrates

Back 38

disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Front 39

Monomers for proteins

Back 39

Amino acids

Front 40

Monomers for nucleic acid

Back 40

Nucleotides

Front 41

Polymer of nucleic acid

Back 41

DNA and RNA

Front 42

What are the three other nucleotides

Back 42

ATP, FAD+,NAD+

Front 43

Phospholipids

Back 43

Form all biological membranes

- nonpolar tails, polar heads