Biology Ch. 2

Front 1

The cellular basis of muscular distrophy is that some of a child’s muscle cells:

Back 1

Lack a protein that enables them to withstand the force of contraction

Front 2

A researcher identifies an abnormality in a protein that causes a particular inherited illness. To develop a treatment, it would be helpful to know

Back 2

Which cells are affected and how to replace the proteins function in them

Front 3

What does diploid mean?

Back 3

Diploid means a pair: body cells have 2 copies of the human genome

Front 4

The approximate number of differentiated cell types in a human body is

Back 4

260

Front 5

Humans belong to what domain?

Distinguished by which cells?

Back 5

Eukarya

Organelles

Front 6

Ribosomes are in the cells of

Back 6

All organisms

Front 7

The major macromolecules that make up cells are

Back 7

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Front 8

About how many average sized bacteria could fit into a human cell?

Back 8

1,000

Front 9

Organelles protect a cell by

Back 9

Sequestering bio chemicals that could dismantle other cellular structures

Front 10

The nuclear lamina is:

Back 10

A fibrous layer that lines the inner face of the nuclear membrane

Front 11

In a human cell, the genetic material is in the where?

Back 11

Nucleus

Front 12

The organelles that contain DNA are the what?

Back 12

Nucleus & mitochondrion

Front 13

What is the sequence of events to produce a protein that is secreted?

Back 13

A hormone signals the gene that encodes the protein to be transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA is translated into protein on the ER, then processed and folded in the Golgi apparatus, and then sent out of the cell in a vesicle.

Front 14

The organelle that consists of a stack of flat membrane enclosed sacs is the

Back 14

Golgi apparatus

Front 15

The organelles that is the equivalent of a cellular garbage disposal system is the

Back 15

Lysosome

Front 16

A bubble like structure that ferries molecules such as cholesterol to lysosomes is an

Back 16

Endosome

Front 17

In mitochondria

Back 17

Energy from nutrients is converted into a form that a cell can use.

Front 18

The cell type with the most mitochondria is

Back 18

Muscle

Front 19

Cristae are what

Back 19

Membranous structures that are parts of mitochondria

Front 20

In a DNA molecule, the sugar phosphate backbone is the same in everyone but the base sequence is different in everyone. A plasma membrane is similar conceptually to dna in that :

Back 20

The lipid belayer is the same in everyone but the nature and pattern of the molecules embedded in it differ

Front 21

A molecule that binds a cell surface receptor is called a

Back 21

Ligand

Front 22

The internal scaffolding of a cell consists of

Back 22

Microtubules and microfilamente

Front 23

Cilia are made of what

Back 23

Microtubules

Front 24

In hereditary spherocytosis red blood cells lose their doughnut shapes, ballooning out, because they have abnormal

Back 24

Ankyrin molecules, which bind spectrum rods to the plasm membranes

Front 25

The cytoskeleton component that consists of different protein types in different cell is

Back 25

An intermediate filament

Front 26

The approximate percentage of our cells that are replaced daily is

Back 26

10%

Front 27

The 2 major stages of the cell cycle are

Back 27

Interphase and mitosis

Front 28

The cell cycle is a series of events a cell Undergoes as it prepares to

Back 28

Divide

Front 29

DNA replicates during what phase of the cell cycle?

Back 29

S

Front 30

The order of events in the cell cycle is

Back 30

G1 to S to G2 to mitosis

Front 31

At the point in the cell cycle when mitosis begins

Back 31

Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids joined at the centromere

Front 32

Chromosomes coil tightly around chromosomal proteins and condense during

Back 32

Prophase

Front 33

In which disease is signal transduction abnormal

Back 33

Neurofibromatosis type 1

Front 34

In which disease is cellular adhesion abnormal?

Back 34

Arthritis

Front 35

The defining characteristic of a stem cell is

Back 35

Self renewal

Front 36

A difference between a stem cell and a progenitor cell is that

Back 36

A progenitor cell cannot self-renew and a stem cell can

Front 37

A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type including those of membranes that support the developing embryo is

Back 37

Totipotent

Front 38

An experimental treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which causes gradual loss of the ability to move sends four genes into cells sampled from a patients skin. This procedure reprograms the cells, which are then exposed to molecules and genes that stimulate them to develop as healthy versions of the cells affected in the disease. These cells are implanted into the patient. They are

Back 38

Induced pluripotent stem cells

Front 39

Human embryonic stem cells that are used in research are

Back 39

Cultured in laboratory dishes from inner cell mass cells taken from a 5 day embryo

Front 40

Adult stem cells are more accurately called tissue specific or somatic stem cells because

Back 40

They are also present at prenatal stages of development

Front 41

Human stem cells are valuable in drug development because they can be used to

Back 41

Replace experimental animals such as rats and mice

Front 42

Cells contain twice the normal number of chromosomes briefly during

Back 42

Anaphase

Front 43

During S phase replicated chromosomes are joined at their

Back 43

Centromeres

Front 44

The part of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division functioning as a clock is the

Back 44

Telomere

Front 45

Factors that control how often a cell divides include

Back 45

Whether the nuclear membrane has broken apart or is intact

Front 46

During apoptosis caspases

Back 46

Activate enzymes that cut DNA into same sized pieces

Front 47

Apoptosis is a form of

Back 47

Programmed cell death that is a normal part of development

Front 48

Which sequence of events illustrates the steps of signal transduction

Back 48

First messenger to receptor molecules to second messenger to cellular response

Front 49

Proteins that are part of signal transduction pathways in the cell are located in

Back 49

Cytoplasm and plasm membrane

Front 50

Cellular adhesion molecules include

Back 50

Selectins and integrins