Biology Ch. 19

Front 1

Monera was divided into what two groups in the late 1900's?

Back 1

eubacteria and archaebacteria

Front 2

Eubacteria? (5 points)

Back 2

larger and more diverse, cell memebrane surrounded by cell wall, cell wall contains peptidoglycan, develop mutulistic as well as paratistic symbiotic relationship

Front 3

Archeabacteria? (5 points)

Back 3

very chemically different from eubvacteria, lack peptidoglycan, contain different kinds of lipids in their cell wall, genes more similar to eukaryotic cells, extreme enviornments

Front 4

3 shapes of bacteria?

Back 4

bacilli (rod shaped), cocci (spherrical), spirilla (spiral)

Front 5

Gram Staining? Who developed? What is it?

Back 5

Hans Christian Gram (1884) Danish Physician, used to identify if the bacteria is either gram positive or negative, allows doctors to know about it

Front 6

Gram Positive Bacteria?

Back 6

conatin one cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane, will stain purple and can be treated with antibiotics

Front 7

Gram Negative bacteria?

Back 7

contain multiple cell walls, stains pink and can not be treated with antibiotics

Front 8

Movement of bacteria (4 points)?

Back 8

some prokaryotes are stationary; other are propelled by their flagella; others lash, snake, or spiral forward; others glide slowly along a layer of slime they produce

Front 9

Heterotrophic bacteria?

Back 9

consumers; they consume organic material

Front 10

Chemoheterotrophs?

Back 10

most bacteria includes decomposing as well as pathogenic; consume organic molecules for energy and a supply of carbon

Front 11

Photoheterotrophs?

Back 11

perform photosynthesis as well as consume organic material; very small group of organisms

Front 12

Autotrophic bacteria?

Back 12

producers; produce oxygen to fill the atmosphere and act as a pioneer species

Front 13

photoautotrophs?

Back 13

sloley photosynthetic (cyanobacteria)

Front 14

Chemoautotrophs?

Back 14

perform chemosynthesis to convert inorganic matter such amonia or hygrogen sulfide into energy

Front 15

Binary Fission? (4 points)

Back 15

asexual reproduction; once bacteria reach certain size; cell splits creating 2 new daughter cells; rapid rate of reproduction, can reproduce every 20 minutes

Front 16

Conjugation? (3 points)

Back 16

process of genetic exschange between bacteria; pili extensions serve as a bridge of exchange for DNA; genetic exchange increases genetic diversity within a population

Front 17

Spor formation? (3 points)

Back 17

strategy used when conditions are not favorable for growth; endospore enclose the DNA and protects it during adverse conditions; allows bacteria to survive harsh conditions by remaining dormant until conditions are right

Front 18

Decomposers? (2 points)

Back 18

help return nutrients to the soil by breaking down dead organic matter and therefore keep nutrient cycles flowing and food chains intact; help produce purified water by breaking down complex compunds

Front 19

Nitrogen Fixers? (3 points)

Back 19

nitrogen -main ingerdient in fertilizer; limiting nutrient in soil; N2 make up 80% of earth's atmosphere but plants cant use it; some plants have symbiotic relationships with nitrogen fixing bacteria within roots

Front 20

Human Uses of Bacteria? (4points)

Back 20

usted to make certain foods and drinks (yogurt, cottage cheese); idustrial uses (purification of drinking water); medical uses-(genetic enginering); symbiotic ralationship between intestinal bacteria

Front 21

Louis Pasteur?

Back 21

French chemist, 1822-1895 (developed Germ Theory and pasturization and some vaccines)

Front 22

Robert Koch?

Back 22

German physican (First to isolate anthrax, tuberculosis and helped develop Germ Theory)

Front 23

Koch's Prostulate?

Back 23

1. pathogen should always be found in the boday of a sick organism and not in a healthy one 2. pathogen must be usolated and grown in a laboratory in pure culture 3, when placed in new host should cause same symptoms 4. the second pathogen should be identical to the first

Front 24

2 ways bacteria cause disease?

Back 24

using cells for food and releasing toxins or poisons that travel through body via blood

Front 25

Preventing bacterial disease? (6 points)

Back 25

good sanitation and hygiene, use of heat and cold to protect food, vaccines, antibiotics, use of sterile procedures in medicine, and disinfectants

Front 26

Vaccine?

Back 26

weakend form of a pathagen that stimulates immune system to make antibodies against disease

Front 27

Antibiotics?

Back 27

block the growth and reproduction of bacteria by preventing bacteria from making new cells

Front 28

Alexander Fleming?

Back 28

Scotish biologist who discovered penicillan by accident (Fungi in petri dish)

Front 29

Joseph Lister?

Back 29

1st one to suggest that surgens use sterile techniques (Olisterine)

Front 30

Dimitri Ivanovski?

Back 30

russian biologist (discovered tobacco mosaic virus)

Front 31

Martinus Beijerink?

Back 31

Dutch biologist (Gave the virus its name) "Father of Virology (also discovered nitrogen fixation)

Front 32

Virus Characteristics?

Back 32

are not a cell, can't reproduce on their own, have trouble maintaing homeostasis, lack a true metabolism

Front 33

***Extremely microscopic

Front 34

Their DNA or RNA are surrounded by a ……

Back 34

protein coat

Front 35

This protein coat is called a?

Back 35

capsid

Front 36

What does the capsid do?

Back 36

allows virus to bind with the receptors of the host cel and tricks it into allowing it inside.

Front 37

Plant viruses?

Back 37

infects only plants; Ex. Tabacco mosaic virus

Front 38

Animal virus?

Back 38

infect only animals; Ex. Influenza or small pox

Front 39

Bacteriophages?

Back 39

infect only bacteria

Front 40

**** Depend entirly on the host cell

Front 41

2 types of viral infection?

Back 41

lytic and lysogenic

Front 42

Lytic? (5 points)

Back 42

lyse- to burst; host cell lyses or ruptures; virus enters cell then virus makes copies of it self then the new virus copies burst out of the host cell Ex. HIV

Front 43

Lysogenic? (3 points)

Back 43

viral DNA incorporated into DNA of host cell; viral DNA (prophage) replicates with host cell DNA; once prophage becomes activated it will remove itself from the host DNA and enter the lytic cycle

Front 44

Prophage?

Back 44

viral DNA that is embedded in host's DNA

Front 45

Retrovirus? (3 points)

Back 45

contains RNA instead of DNA; once virus RNA is inside host, RNA is copied to DNA and takes over the host; "Retro" backwards- RNA to DNA instead of DNA to RNA Ex. HIV

Front 46

Why cant viruses be treated with antibiotics?

Back 46

NOT CELLS

Front 47

Viroids?

Back 47

single stranded RNA molecules with no capsid proteins; infect many plants and disrupt their cellular metabolisum while stunting growth (tomatoes, potatos, apples, citrus fruits)

Front 48

Prions?

Back 48

infectious protein particles that lack DNA and RNA; believed to be the cause of Mad Cow Disease