Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Alleles |
-somatic cells of sexuality: contain pairs of homologous chromosomes (one from mom one from dad) -different forms of the same gene |
|
|
Cell Cycle |
-Interphase: G1, S-Phase, G2, -mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase -cytokenesis: cytoplasm separates |
|
|
Chromatin |
-a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Daughter Chromosome |
-chromosomes that have been separated during mitosis |
|
|
Gamete |
-mature haploid reproduction cell -ex: egg, sperm |
|
|
Independent Assortment |
-members of a pair ofgenes (alleles) on homologouschromosomes get distributed into gametesindependently of other gene pairs -occurs during metaphase I of meiosis |
|
|
Locus |
-location of a gene on a chromosome |
|
|
Neoplasm |
-accumulation of abnormally dividing cells -checkpoint malfunction passed on to descendant cells |
|
|
S-phase |
-Part of Interphase -Time of synthesis -Cell copies its DNA (duplicates chromosomes) |
|
|
Spindle |
-temporary structure that moves chromosomes during nuclear division -made of microtubules |
|
|
Trisomy |
-causes down syndrome when on the 21st chromosome pair |
|
|
Anaphase |
-spindles pull apart the sister chromatids and move them to opposite sides of the cell -sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes |
|
|
Cell Plate |
-disk-shaped structure that forms during cytokineses in plant cells -matures into two cell walls, one per cell |
|
|
Chromosome |
-structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins, carries part or all of a cell's genetic information |
|
|
Malignant Tumor |
-cells metastasis and spread to neighboring tissue -dangerous -cause cancer |
|
|
Oncogene |
-gene that can transform normal cells into tumor cells |
|
|
Sexual Replication |
-requires fertilization of an egg by sperm -offspring have a unique combination of genes -no two offspring have the same genetic material (except twins) |
|
|
Telomers |
-Noncoding DNA sequences that occur at theends of eukaryotic chromosomes -provide buffer against the loss of more valuable internal DNA -typical chromosome shortens by 100 nucleotides per division |
|
|
Tumor |
-neoplasm that has formed a lump |
|
|
Asexual reproduction |
-offspring are genetically identical to parent -no gametes involves |
|
|
Centromere |
-constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other |
|
|
Crossing Over |
-process by which homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments of DNA during prophase I |
|
|
Genome |
-an organisms complete set of genetic material |
|
|
Interphase |
-the interval between mitotic divisions where the cell grows, doubles its cytoplasmic components and replicates its DNA -cell spends most of its life in this phase -chromosomes are loosened to allow transcription and DNA replication |
|
|
Polyploidy |
-having three or more of each type of chromosome characteristic in a species |
|
|
Telophase |
-daughter chromosomes reach opposite ends of cell and loosen -new nuclear envelope develops around each cluster -spindles dissapear -cytoplasm prepares to split |
|
|
Zygote |
-cell formed by fusion of two gametes -ex: an egg that has been fertilized by sperm |
|
|
Benign Tumor |
-cells remain at original site -typically not dangerous |
|
|
Centrosome |
-the main place where cell microtubules are organized |
|
|
Cytokenisis |
-splitting of cytoplasm -differs between plant and animal cells - in plants: cell plate forms |
|
|
G1 Phase |
-Part of Interphase -interval of growth before DNA replication |
|
|
Homologous Chromosomes |
-chromosomes with the same length, shape and genes that control the same inherited characteristics |
|
|
Metaphase |
-sister chromatids line up in middle of cell |
|
|
Prophase |
-chomosomes begin to pack tightly -nuclear envelope breaks down -formation of spindles -duplicate chromosomes attach to microtubules |
|
|
Sister chromatids |
-the two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosomes |
|
|
Tetrad |
- A group of four chromatids formed from each of a pair of homologous chromosomes that split longitudinally during the prophase I of meiosis. |
|
|
Cancer |
-occurs when a malignant neoplasm physically and metabolically disrupts the body |
|
|
Checkpoints |
-control over the cell cycle -monitor: -DNA is copied correctly -nutrient availibilty - DNA damage |
|
|
G2 Phase |
-Part of Interphase - interval after DNA replication but before mitosis -Cell prepares to divide in this phase |
|
|
Metastisis |
-the process in which malignant cells spread from one part of the body to another |
|
|
Protooncogene |
-by mutation, gene can become oncogene |
|
|
Somatic Cells |
-any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. |
|
|
Translocation |
-structural change of a chromosomes in which a broken piece gets reattached in the wrong location |
|
|
What are the major phases of the cell cycle and what happens during these phases? |
-Interphase: G1, S-Phase (DNA synthesis), G2 -Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase -Cytokenesis |
|
|
Major stages of Mitosis and what happens during these stages: |
-Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase |
|
|
How many daughter cells result from mitosis? |
-2 daughter cells |
|
|
Understand the significance of mitosis: |
-used in asexual reproduction -growth and development -cell replacement and repair |
|
|
How does mitosis in animals differ from mitosis in plants? |
-plants have to develop a cell wall before completely dividing |
|
|
Understand how the cell cycle is controlled and the roll of checkpoints: |
-Controlled by checkpoints which check for: - correct DNA copying -Any damage to DNA -enough nutrient availibility to complete process |
|
|
How is cancer a disease of mitosis? |
-Controls that regulate checkpoint genes fail and cells begin to divide uncontrollably |
|
|
What is the significance of meiosis? What happens at the end of Meiosis I? What happens at the end of Meiosis II? |
- |
|
|
Are the starting cells haploid or diploid? Are the resulting cells haploid or diploid? |
-Starting: diploid -Resulting: haploid |
|
|
What are the two ways that meiosis can contribute to to genetic variation? |
-independent assortment of chromosomes -crossing over |
|
|
When does crossing over take place? |
-During Prophase I of Meiosis |
|
|
When does independent assortment of chromosome take place? |
-During Metaphase I of Meiosis |
|
|
What is the diploid number for humans? What is the haploid? |
Diploid: 46 chromosomes Haploid: 23 chromosomes |
