Biology Ch 11

Front 1

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

Back 1

Hydrogen Bonds

Front 2

Adenine complementary base pairs with?

Back 2

Thymine

Front 3

Cytosine complementary base pairs with?

Back 3

Guanine

Front 4

What two components of DNA make up the backbone of the double helix?

Back 4

Phosphate and Deoxyribose Sugar

Front 5

Who was the scientist who discovered that the ratio of adenine (A) was always equal to the ratio of thymine (T) and cytosine (C) was always equal to guanine (G)?

Back 5

Edward Chargaff

Front 6

Which two scientists are given credit for determining the structure of DNA?

Back 6

Watson and Crick

Front 7

Which scientist’s X-ray data suggested that DNA was a double helix?

Back 7

Rosalind Franklin

Front 8

6. DNA replication is the process of making an exact copy of each chromosome in a cell. What do scientists mean when they say this process is semi-conservative?

Back 8

Because they contain a copy of the original DNA strand

Front 9

Helicase

Back 9

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA in order to begin replication

Front 10

DNA Polymerase

Back 10

Enzyme that positions complimentary nucleotides to begin replication

Front 11

Ligase

Back 11

Repairs breaks in the phosphate sugar backbone

Front 12

What is an origin of replication? Why do you think prokaryotes have a single origin of replication but eukaryotes have many?

Back 12

The locations where DNA replication begins, because eukaryotes have more DNA and with more origins of replication it can go faster.

Front 13

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA? In the process of transcription, which nucleotide complementary base pairs with this base?

Back 13

Uracil, Adenine

Front 14

We say DNA is transcribed and RNA is translated. What three types of RNA are transcribed from DNA? What enzyme is involved in the process of transcription?

Back 14

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, RNA polymerase.

Front 15

What is a promoter? In relation to a gene where is a promoter found?

Back 15

Sequence of DNA that the RNA polymerase binds to in order to begin transcription, it is before or upstream of it.

Front 16

Which of the three RNAs contains the information that will be decoded by the translation machinery of the cell? What is a codon?

Back 16

mRNA, combination of 3 nucleotides that codes for a specific protien

Front 17

On which of the RNA molecules is an anticodon located? Why is it called an anticodon?

Back 17

tRNA, because it is paired and is opposite to the codon

Front 18

Which RNA molecule carries the amino acid that will be added to the growing polypeptide chain?

Back 18

tRNA

Front 19

Which RNA molecule is a component of the ribosome?

Back 19

rRNA

Front 20

Who coined the term “inborn errors of metabolism”?

Back 20

Archibald Garrard

Front 21

Anything that can damage your DNA and lead to a change in the sequence of bases is referred to as a ____?

Back 21

mutagen

Front 22

Exposure to UV light causes a mutation in an epithelial cell in the dermis of the skin. This type of mutation is best described as a germ-line or somatic cell mutation? Can this type of mutation be passed on to your children?

Back 22

Somatic, no

Front 23

Radiation exposure leads to mutations in the DNA that is being replicated in a spermatocyte just prior to the start of meiosis. Is this a germ-line or somatic cell mutation? Could these mutation lead to cancer in the father?

Back 23

Germ-line, yes

Front 24

Missense

Back 24

Point mutation that causes a change in the code for a different codon

Front 25

Nonsense

Back 25

Point mutation that causes a stop codon

Front 26

Silent

Back 26

Point mutation that changes a single base, without any change in the codon

Front 27

Point Mutation

Back 27

Change of a single base in the nucleotide

Front 28

A frame-shift mutation is caused by one of two events occurring. What are these two events?

Back 28

Deletion or insertion of a single base

Front 29

What is biotechnology?

Back 29

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms for the benefit of mankind.

Front 30

What is a DNA vector?

Back 30

A carrier for a foreign gene, in order to move DNA

Front 31

The polymerase chain reaction is a way to replicate a region of the DNA for cloning or diagnostic purposes. It is less complicated than replicating a whole chromosome but still requires nucleotides, DNA primers and a heat stable enzyme. What is this enzyme? How is this enzyme different than the enzyme inside our cells that replicates out DNA?

Back 31

DNA polymerase, needs to be heat tolerant

Front 32

What is used instead of a helicase to separate the two strands of DNA and allow the primers to find their complementary base sequence?

Back 32

Heat

Front 33

What is a DNA fingerprint? What makes your fingerprint unique to you? Which cells of your body can be used to perform a DNA fingerprint?

Back 33

The sequence of your DNA that is unique to you. Sperm, hair,

Front 34

In a eukaryotic cell, the primary transcript of mRNA is further processed after it is transcribed. What is added to the 5’ end of the primary transcript? What is added to the 3’ end of the primary transcript? What is missing from the mature mRNA when all processing is completed?

Back 34

5’ cap, Poly-A-tail, Introns

Front 35

Translation (aa = amino acids) is the process by which the mRNA is decoded into protein. Translation has three steps: initiation, elongation and termination. What signals the translation machinery to terminate the process and release the polypeptide?

Back 35

Stop Codon

Front 36

What is a transposon? If a transposon does not cause a mutation in the DNA, how does it lead to a change in the phenotype of an organism?

Back 36

Genes that jump to different positions on the DNA, can render some of the genes nonfunctional

Front 37

What name is applied to enzymes found in bacteria that cut up foreign DNA? These enzymes are also called molecular scissors.

Back 37

Restriction Enzymes

Front 38

These enzymes are also called molecular scissors. What type of sequence in the DNA do these enzymes recognize?

Back 38

Palindrome Sequences

Front 39

What are sticky ends?

Back 39

The overhanging bases at the ends of the DNA molecules