Biology Ch. 1 The Science Of Life

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Biology

Back 1

the study of life

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Cell

Back 2

smallest unit that can perform all of life's functions

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Unicellular

Back 3

One celled organism, such as bacteria

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Multicellular

Back 4

organisms made of many cells, complex multicellular organisms have organ systems

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What differentiates a complex multicelluar organism from a simple multicellular organism?

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the presence of organ systems

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Organ

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structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system. All organs are made up of tissues

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Tissue

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groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow the organ to function, tissues are made up of cells

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Organelle

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contained within cells, tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive. Organelles contain biological molecules

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Biological Molecule

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the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions. All biological molecules are made up of atoms.

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Homeostasis

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maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

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Metabolism

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the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

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Cell Division

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the formation of two new cells from an existing cell

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Development

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- the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult. Involves cell division and cell differentiation, or specialization.

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Reproduction

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process by which an organism produces a new organism, not essential to the survival of an individual organism- but essential for the continuation of the species

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Name the 2 types of reproduction

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1. sexual- takes 2 organisms and results in similar offspring
2. assexual- occurs from 1 organism and produces identical offspring

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Gene

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short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait of an organism

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Domain

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Three main subdivisions of all organisms into 3 domains. The 3 domains are Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya.

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Name the 3 Domains

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Bacteria
Archae
Eukyara

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Kingdom

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another system of dividing all of life into 6 kingdoms. The 6 kingdoms consist Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archae, Bacteria.

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4 kingdoms within the domain Eukarya

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kingdoms of Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista

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One kingdom in the domain Archaea

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One kingdom in the domain Archaea

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one kingdom in the domain Bacteria

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kingdom Bacteria.

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Ecology

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- a branch of Biology that studies organisms interacting with each other and with the environment

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Ecosystem

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communities of living species and their physical environments

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Evolution

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(descent with modification)- the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations; explains how the various branches of the “tree of life” came into existence and have changed over time

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Natural Selection

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Organisms with favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce in greater numbers

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Adaptation

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traits that improve one’s ability to survive and reproduce, this leads to descent with modification which yields more diverse organisms

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Scientific Method

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an organized approach to the study of science and natural phenomena

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What 2 principles is Scientific Method based on?

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1. Belief that events in natural world have natural causes
2. Uniformity- idea that the fundamental laws of nature operate the same way at all places and at all times

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Name the 6 steps of the Scientific Method

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1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. prediction
4.experiment
5. analyze data
6. publish and share data

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Observation

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first step of Scientific Method- the act of perceiving a natural occurrence, that causes one to pose a question

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Hypothesis (sing) Hypotheses (pl.)

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Step 2. of Scientific Method proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions

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Prediction

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(Step 3. Of Scien. Meth.)- statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis were true

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Experiment

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the steps performed to test the hypotheses and its prediction

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Control Group

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the normal standard to compare the experimental group against

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Experimental Group

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group identical to the control group except for the one difference of the independent variable

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Independent Variable

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the factor which distinguishes the control group and the experimental group

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Dependent Variable

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(responding variable) this is measured or observed in the experiment, it is affected by the independent variable

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Theory

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- a set of related hypotheses that are confirmed to be true
many times (ex: cell theory, quantum theory, or theory of evolution)

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Compound Light Microscope

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most commonly used microscopes, ( produces largest image size 100x) (power of magnification of the standard ocular lens 10x)

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Total power of Magnification

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strongest objective lens x the power of the ocular lens

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Eyepiece

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holds the Ocular Lens that you look trough

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Objective Lens

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lens held by the nosepiece, they are rotated into place above the specimen

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Stage

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flat surface to hold the specimen for viewing

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Light Source

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held under the stage

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Magnification

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increase of an object’s apparent size

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Nosepiece

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holds and rotates the objective lenses

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Resolution

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power to clearly show details of an object

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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)-

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passes a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface to provide a 3-dimensional image of the surface of the specimen magnification 100,000x

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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)-

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beam of electrons passed thru a thinly sliced specimen magnification 200,000x

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a-

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not, without (asymmetrical)

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ab-

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away, apart (abduct- move from the middle)

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-able

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able (viable- able to live)

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ad-

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to, toward (adduct- move toward the middle)

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ante-

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before (anterior- the front of the organism)

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anti-

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against (antibiotic- substance able to kill bacteria)

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arche-

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ancient (archaeopteryx- a fossalized, extinct bird)

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bio-

Back 58

life (biology- the study of life)

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cyt-

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cell (cytology- the study of cells)

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ecol-

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dwelling, house ( ecology- the study of living things and their environments)

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homeo-

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the same ( homeostasis- maintaining a constant condition)

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intra-

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within ( intracellular- inside the cell)

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-ist

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someone who practices or deals with something (biologist- someone who studies life)

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-logy

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study of ( biology- the study of life)

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micro-

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small (microscopic- too small to be seen with the unaided eye)

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neo-

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new (neonatal- newborn)

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pre-

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before ( prediction- a forecast of events before they take place)

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-scope

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instrument used to see something ( microscope- an instrument used to see very small things)