Biology Cells And Molecules Exam 2

Front 1

Prokaryotic cells consist of:

Back 1

organisms from the domains: Bacteria and arachea

Front 2

Eukaryotic cells consist of:

Back 2

protists, fungi, animals and plants

Front 3

what are the basic features of all cells?

Back 3

-small
-obtain energy from environment
-selective of what goes in and out
-use genetic material to reproduce

Front 4

what is an autotroph?

Back 4

self-feeder

Front 5

What is a heterotroph?

Back 5

non-self feeder/ gets food from outer sources

Front 6

The _____________ is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste to service the volume of every cell

Back 6

plasma membrane

Front 7

In prokaryotic cells DNA is in an unbound region called the

Back 7

Nucleoid

Front 8

E. Coli is circular bacteria and has ______ bp.

Back 8

5 X 10^6

Front 9

Describe prokaryotic cells.

Back 9

-no nucleus
- no membrane-bound molecules
-DNA is in nucleoid
-10,000 genes

Front 10

in gram positive bacteria (doesn't have outer membrane) the ___________ traps the violet color

Back 10

peptidoglycan

Front 11

describe eukaryotic cells

Back 11

-has membrane-bound organelles
-has nucleus (where DNA is)
-25,000 genes

Front 12

human cells are linear and have __________ bp

Back 12

3 X 10^9

Front 13

nucleus consists of:

Back 13

-nuclear envelope
-nucleolus
-chromatin

Front 14

cytoskeleton consists of:

Back 14

-microfilaments
-microtubules
-intermediate filaments

Front 15

the shape of the nucleus is maintained by the _________, which is composed of proteins

Back 15

-nuclear lamina

Front 16

in the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called:

Back 16

chromatin

Front 17

chromatin condenses to form

Back 17

chromosomes

Front 18

the _______ is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Back 18

nucleolus

Front 19

Process of using DNA as template for RNA

Back 19

transcription

Front 20

what are the 3 RNA polymerases in eukaryotes?

Back 20

-pol 1= rRNA (90% of cellular RNA)
-pol 2=mRNA (3% of cellular RNA)
-pol 3= tRNA (7% of cellular RNA)

Front 21

_______ are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein

Back 21

ribosomes

Front 22

What do ribosomes do?

Back 22

Carry out protein sythesis in cytosol and on the outside of endoplasmic reticulum

Front 23

free ribosomes in the cytosol perform this

Back 23

synthesis of intracellular proteins

Front 24

bound ribosomes on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum perform this:

Back 24

synthesis of membrane and secreted proteins

Front 25

There are _______ ribosomes per liver cell

Back 25

500,000

Front 26

what are the components of the endomembrane system?

Back 26

-nuclear envelope
-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-plasma membrane

Front 27

The __________ regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

Back 27

endomembrane system

Front 28

what are the two parts of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 28

-smooth ER- without ribosomes
-rough ER- with ribosomes

Front 29

Functions of the smooth ER

Back 29

-synthesize lipids
-detoxify poisons
-metabolize carbohydrates

Front 30

Functions of the rough ER

Back 30

-Membrane factory for cell
-distributes transport vesicles (proteins surrounded by membrane)
-has bound ribosomes which synthesize glycoproteins

Front 31

the ______ consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Back 31

golgi apparatus ("shipping and receiving center")

Front 32

functions of golgi apparatus

Back 32

-modifies products of the ER
-sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Front 33

Cell that engulfs another cell forming food vacuole

Back 33

phagocytosis

Front 34

process of cell engulfing fluid from environment

Back 34

pinocytosis

Front 35

process by which a lysosome uses enzymes to recycle the cells own organelles and macromolecules

Back 35

autophagy

Front 36

a ______ fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecule

Back 36

lysosome

Front 37

what is the flow of materials through endomembrane system?

Back 37

-ER
-Transport vesicles
-cis golgi stack
-transition vesicles
-trans golgi stack
-transport vesicles
-fusion with plasma membrane

Front 38

______ are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that generates ATP

Back 38

mitochondria

Front 39

The site of photosynthesis

Back 39

chloroplasts

Front 40

characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Back 40

-contain their own DNA (circular)
-have their own ribosomes
-have double membrane
-aren't part of endomembrane system

Front 41

chloroplasts include:

Back 41

stroma and thylakoids

Front 42

what is stroma

Back 42

internal fluid of chloroplast

Front 43

what are thylakoids?

Back 43

membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum which contains chloryphyll

Front 44

The ________ is a network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm that organizes structures and activities in cells, anchoring many organelles

Back 44

cytoskeleton

Front 45

what are the roles of the cytoskeleton?

Back 45

support, motility and regulation

Front 46

cytoskeleton interacts with ________ (dynein and kinesin) to produce motility

Back 46

motor proteins

Front 47

functions of microtubules

Back 47

-maintain cell shape
-cell motility
-organelle movements
-chromosome movements in cell division

Front 48

what are thylakoids?

Back 48

membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum which contains chloryphyll

Front 49

The ________ is a network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm that organizes structures and activities in cells, anchoring many organelles

Back 49

cytoskeleton

Front 50

what are the roles of the cytoskeleton?

Back 50

support, motility and regulation

Front 51

cytoskeleton interacts with ________ (dynein and kinesin) to produce motility

Back 51

motor proteins

Front 52

functions of microtubules

Back 52

-maintain cell shape
-cell motility
-guiding organelle movements
-separating chromosomes during cell division

Front 53

functions of microfilaments (twisted double chain of actin subunits):

Back 53

-bear tension-resisting pulling forces within cell
-cytoplasmic streaming
-muscle contractions
-cell motility and division

Front 54

microfilaments that function in cellular motility contain the protein_________ in addition to actin

Back 54

myosin

Front 55

functions of intermediate filaments

Back 55

-support cell shape
-anchorage of nucleus and other organelles
-formation of nuclear lamina

Front 56

Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are external to the plasma membrane these extracellular structures include:

Back 56

-cell walls of plants
-the ECM of animal cells
-intercellular junctions

Front 57

Cell wall functions:

Back 57

-protects plant cell
-maintains its shape
-prevents excessive uptake of water

Front 58

plant cell walls are made of:

Back 58

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

Front 59

What are the possible different layers of the cell wall?

Back 59

-primary cell wall (thin and flexible)
-middle lamella (thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
-secondary cell wall (added between plasma membrane and primary cell wall.. only in some cells)

Front 60

______ are channels between adjacent plant cells

Back 60

plasmodesmata

Front 61

The extracellular matrix is made up of

Back 61

glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans and fibronectin

Front 62

ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called

Back 62

integrins

Front 63

Functions of the ECM

Back 63

-support
-adhesion
-movement
-regulation

Front 64

At __________, members of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Back 64

tight junctions

Front 65

_________ fasten cells together into strong sheets

Back 65

desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

Front 66

_________ provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Back 66

gap junctions (communicating junctions)

Front 67

_________ is used to separate the major cellular organelles

Back 67

cell fractionation

Front 68

Energy from catabolism (__________, energy-________ processes

Back 68

exergonic, energy-releasing processes

Front 69

Energy for cellular work (__________, energy-_______ processes

Back 69

endergonic, energy-consuming processes

Front 70

Chemical reactions that transfer energy between reactants are called

Back 70

oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions

Front 71

In __________, a substance gains electrons/H atoms

Back 71

reduction

Front 72

During cellular respiration, glucose is _________ and oxygen is _________

Back 72

glucose is oxidized
Oxygen is reduced

Front 73

dehydrogenase is the oxidation of ___________ and the reduction of _________

Back 73

oxidation of NADH
reduction of NAD+

Front 74

Four stages of cellular respiration

Back 74

-glycolysis
-pyruvate oxidation
-citric acid cycle
-electron transport chain

Front 75

The breaking down of glucose into two pyruvate molecules

Back 75

glycolysis

Front 76

This continues the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration

Back 76

pyruvate oxidation

Front 77

This completes the breakdown of glucose

Back 77

citric acid cycle

Front 78

oxidative phosphorylation to generate 90% of ATP occurs with this

Back 78

electron transport chain

Front 79

where does the citric acid cycle/kreb's cycle/TCA cycle take place

Back 79

mitochondrial matrix

Front 80

the citric acid cycle oxidizes ___________(derived from pyruvate) to generate __ ATP, ___ NADH and __ FADH2 per pyruvate

Back 80

acetyl CoA
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

Front 81

Citric Acid Cycle carbon amounts per step....

Back 81

6C 6C 5C 4C 4C 4C 4C 4C.. 2C comes in to start it all over

Front 82

The electron transport center is in the _______ of the _________.

Back 82

cristae of the mitochondrion

Front 83

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

Back 83

chemiosmosis

Front 84

the H+ gradient is referred to as ________, emphasizing its capacity to do work

Back 84

proton-motive force

Front 85

About ___% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about ___ ATP

Back 85

40%
38 ATP

Front 86

________ respiration and ___________ enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen

Back 86

anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Front 87

_______ requires oxygen to produce ATP
________ can produce ATP with or without oxygen

Back 87

cellular respiration
glycolysis

Front 88

purpose is to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

Back 88

fermentation

Front 89

In ____________, pyruvate is reduced to ________ and NADH is oxidized to regenerate NAD+

Back 89

lactic acid fermentation
lactate
...human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when oxygen is scarce

Front 90

key enzyme in cellular respiration regulation

Back 90

phosphofructokinase

Front 91

what are the activators and inhibitors of the allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinae?

Back 91

activators: AMP or ADP
inhibitors: ATP and citric acid

Front 92

the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy

Back 92

photosynthesis

Front 93

______ are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

Back 93

autotrophs

Front 94

Almost all plants are _________, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from CO2 and H2O

Back 94

photoautotrophs

Front 95

_______ are the consumers of the biosphere, obtaining their organic material from other organisms

Back 95

heterotrophs

Front 96

the green pigment within chloroplasts

Back 96

chlorophyll

Front 97

site of photosynthesis in plants:

Back 97

chloroplasts

Front 98

microscopic pores in leaves where O2 exits and CO2 enters

Back 98

stomata

Front 99

interior tissue of leaf where chloroplasts are mainly found

Back 99

mesophyll

Front 100

typical mesophyll cell has _____ chloroplasts

Back 100

30-40

Front 101

what are the light reactions (in thylakoids)

Back 101

Oxidize H20
Release oxygen
Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Produce ATP by photophosphorylation

Front 102

Visible light in nm

Back 102

400-750 nm

Front 103

these absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll

Back 103

carotenoids

Front 104

these funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center

Back 104

light harvesting complexes (pigment molecules bound to proteins)

Front 105

________ functions first and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm

Back 105

Photosystem II

Front 106

_____ is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700n

Back 106

Photosystem I

Front 107

__________,the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

Back 107

Linear electron flow

Front 108

In the calvin cycle, carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named..

Back 108

glyceraldehyde-3-Phospate (G3P)

Front 109

For net synthesis of one G3P, the calvin cycle must take place __ times

Back 109

3

Front 110

Three phases of Calvin cycle

Back 110

-carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco)
-Reduction
-Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

Front 111

In _______, rubisco adds oxygen instead of CO2 to calvin cycle

Back 111

photorespiration