Biology: Cells And Molecules - Ch. 8

Front 1

2 types of metabolism and their definitions

Back 1

Anabolism - biochemical rxns that create larger molecules from smaller molecules (ex. dehydration synthesis: glucose + galactose -->lactose)
Catabolism - biochem rxns that breakdown large molecules --> small molecules (ex. Hydrolysis: lactose --> glucose + galactose)

Front 2

Enzymes have what ending?

Back 2

-ase

Front 3

Two main types of energy

Back 3

kinetic and potential

Front 4

Define Energy

Back 4

the capacity or ability to do work

Front 5

Define kinetic energy and give an example

Back 5

It is the energy associated with with the motion of an object...an obj. in motion can perform work. (ex. Thermal E(energy) (heat): the energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules)

Front 6

Define Potential E, and give an example

Back 6

It is the E that matter possesses b.c of its location/structure (ex. chem E, a form of potential E stored in a mol. b.c. of the arrangement of their atoms.)

Front 7

Glucose has _____ E associated with it than the components it has broken down into.

Back 7

MORE

Front 8

1st law of thermodynamics

Back 8

E cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only change from one form to another.

Front 9

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 9

Every E transfer or transformation increases the entropy (random disorder) of the universe.

Front 10

Name the three types of work a cell does, and it's job.

Back 10

Mechanical - contraction of muscles & movement of chromosomes

Transport - pumps substances across membranes against concentration gradient

Chemical - synthesis of polymers from monomers

Front 11

What does ATP stand for?

Back 11

Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 12

What exactly IS ATP and what does it DO?!

Back 12

1. A high E compound
2. Releases E when a phosphate group is hydrolyzed
3. A compound that directly acts as fuel for cellular work

Front 13

What is a catalyst?

Back 13

A chemical that speeds up a rxn w/o being consumed by the rxn

Front 14

Uhh...what is an enzyme??

Back 14

A catalytic protein...duh.

Front 15

What do enzymes do?

Back 15

1. SPeeds up metabolic rxns by lowering the activation E

Front 16

Enzymes are ____ specific.

Back 16

substrate

Front 17

Define activation E

Back 17

push of E needed to stat a rxn

Front 18

Define substrate

Back 18

reactant an enzyme reacts with

Front 19

Describe an enzyme-substrate complex

Back 19

1. when an enzyme binds to the substrate
2. binds to the active site

Front 20

Factors affecting enzymatic activity

Back 20

temp, pH, cofactors, and inhibitors

Front 21

Temp Affection of Enz. activity

Back 21

-inc. temp, inc. rate of enzmatic rxn
-too much temp, denature enz. (protein)

Front 22

pH Affection of Enz. activity

Back 22

-6-8 optimum range in animals
-Enzyme will denature in a highly acidic/basic environment

Front 23

cofactors Affection of Enz. activity

Back 23

-organic/inorganic "helpers"

Front 24

inhibitors Affection of Enz. activity (Name two types and describe)

Back 24

-inhibit enz. activity
-competitive inhibitor (binds to active site)
-noncompetitive inhibitor (binds to enzyme & changes conformation of active site)

Front 25

Fxn: Allosteric Activator

Back 25

-Stabilizes the active form of an enzyme
-Cooperativity (when a substrate stabilizes an enzyme so more substrates can bind)

Front 26

Fxn: Allosteric Inhibitor

Back 26

-Stabilizes the inactive form of an enzyme

Front 27

Define: Feedback Inhibition (Negative feedback)

Back 27

-when a product is made, it "shuts down" the metabolic pathway that produces it
-prevents cell from wasting resources & making more product than is necessary