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46 Cards in this Set

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Evolution
Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organinisms living today.
Biology
The scientific study of life.
Some Properties of Life
Order to structure. Regulation of body temperature by adjusting heat exchange with the surrounding air. Evolutionary adaptions that evolve over many generations which allow the reproductive success of those individuals with heritable traits that are best suited to their environment. Growth and development which is controlled by inherited information carried by genes. Reproduction which allows the species to continue.
Emergent Properties
New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. Example: the importance of arrangement in the distinction between a box of bicycle parts and working bicycle.
Reductionism
The minimalization of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Example: by studying the molecular structure of DNA that had by extracted from cells, James Watson and Francis Crick inferred, in 1953, how this molecule could serve as the chemical basis of inheritance. Biologist must balance this strategy with the larger-scale, holistic objective of understanding emergent properties - how the parts of cells, organisms, and higher levels of order, such as ecosystems, work together.
Levels of Biological Organization
1. The Biosphere - Earth
2. Ecosystems - Ontario
3. Communities - In forest ecosystem, trees, plants, animals, mushrooms, fungi, and microorganisms
4. Population - sugar maple trees and white-tailed deer
5. Organisms - maple tree, frog, squirrel, deer, beetle
6. Organs and Organ Systems - maple leaf, brain, heart, kidney, digestive system
7. Tissue - leaf's tissue
8. Cells - leaf cells contain chloroplast for phyotosynthesis
9. Organelles - chloroplasts
10. Molecules - chloroplast at the molecular level
Biosphere
The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosytems. It includes most regions of land, most bodies of water, and the atmosphere to an altitude of serveral kilometers.
Ecosystems
All the organism in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them.
Communities
All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.
Population
A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring.
Organism
Individual living things
Organ and Organ System
A specialized center of body function composed of serveral different types of tissues. A group of these work together in performing vital body functions.
Tissue
An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
Cell
Life's fundamental unit of structure and function.
Organelle
Any of serveral membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
Molecules
A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms.
System
A combination of components that function together.
Systems Biology
An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.
Eukaryotic Cell
A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with these type of cells include protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Prokaryotic Cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. DNA is not sperated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a necleus. Organisms with these cells include bacteria and archaea.
DNA (deoxyribonecleic acid)
A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses.
Gene
A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA in some viruses.
Genome
The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.
Bioinformatics
The use of computers, software, and mathmatical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
Negative Feedback
An accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process.
Example: The cell's breakdown of sugar generates chemical energy in the form of a substance called ATP. When a cell makes more ATP than it can use, the excess ATP "feeds back" and inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway.
Positive Feedback
An end product speeds up its production.
Example: When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets begin to aggregate at the site. Positive feedback occurs as chemicals released by the platelets attract more platelets.
Taxonomy
The branch of biology that names and classifies species, formalizes this ordering of species into groups of increasing breadth.
Domain Bacteria
Any of the prokaryotic microorganisms that are genetically distinct from archaea and eukarya, and inhabits all kinds of environments.
Domain Archaea
Any of the prokaryotic microorganisms that are genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, and often inhabiting extreme environmental conditions.
Domain Eukarya
Any of the eukaryotic organisms that are genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, includes three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes: kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
Need good definition
Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution
First, contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors. This evolutionary history of species is called "descent with modification." Second, the evolutionary mechanism for descent with modification is called "natural selection."
Inquiry
A search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions.
Two Main Types of Scientific Inquiry
Discover science and Hypothesis-based science
Discovery Science
Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data.
Data
Recorded observations
Inductive Reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
Hypothesis
A tentative answer to a well-framed question - an explaination on trial. Leads to predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or by performing experiments.
Deductive Reasoning
A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.
Example: If all organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction about a specific case).
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to solving a problem by discovering knowledge, investigating a phenomenon, verifying and integrating previous knowledge. It follows a series of steps that evaluates the veracity or the feasibility of a prediction through research and experimentation from where the information obtained will be used as a basis in making conclusions.
The fundamental steps of scientific method are:
(1) Identifying the problem to solve
(2) Formulating a tentative answer or hypothesis
(3) Testing the hypothesis
(4) Gathering and analyzing data
(5) Making conclusions
Controlled Experiment
An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
Theory
An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.
Model
A repesentation of a theory or process.
Technology
The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.
1.1.1 For each biological level in Figure 1.4, write a sentence that includes the next "lower" level.
a
1.1.2 What theme or themes are exemplified by (a) the sharp spines of a porcupine, (b) the cloning of a plant from a single cell, and (c) a hummingbird using sugar to power its flight?
a
1.1.3 For each theme discussed in this section, give an example not mentioned in the book.
a