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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protons
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+ charge, inside nucleus
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Neutrons
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No charge, inside nucleus
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Electrons
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- charge, orbit outside nucleus
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Atomic Number
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# of protons
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Atoomic weight (mass)
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# protons = # neutrons
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Valence Shell
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outer most energy level
maximum number of electrons in valance shell = 8. |
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ions
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atoms that gain or lose electrons
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ionic bonds
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weak bonds, easy to break
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covalent bonds
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strong bonds, hard to break (example: water/H20)
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Molecules
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2 or more atoms bonded covalently (strong bonds)
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Compounds
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2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together (can be covelent or ionic/ strong or weak)
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Hydrogen Bonds
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form between two polar molecules
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Polar molecule
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a molecule tht does not share its electrons equally, which causes one side of the molecule to have a + charge and the other side a - charge.
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catalyst
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a chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed (used up)
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enzymes
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made up of protein, speed up a reaction, are found in all living things, activity depends on PH level, temp., amt. of enzyme, and substrate.
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-ase
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most enzymes end with these three letters.
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substrate
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is what the enzyme is going to react with
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solvent
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a substance thath dissolves other substances
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aqueous solution
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any solution in which H2O is the solvent.
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solute
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any material dissolved in a solution
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hydrophilic
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water loving (ex. sodium, chlorine)
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hydrophobic
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water fearing (ex. fats,oils...)
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polar compound
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a compound with a molecule that behaves like a small bar magnet with a + charge on one end and a - charge on the other end
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cohesion
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tendency of H2O molecules to stick together. Things that are alike stick together.
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adhesion
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tendency of H2O molecules to stick to polar surfaces. Water sticks to some surfaces other than H2O.
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capillarity
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movement of H2O throughnarrow tubes as a result of cohesion and adhesion.
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acid
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when the # of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the # of hydroxide ions (PH = 1-6)
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alkaline
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refers to bases
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buffer
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a solution or liqud whose chemical makeup neutralizes acids or bases w/out a great change in PH.
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base
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when # of hydroxide ions in a solution is greater then # of hydronium ions (PH = 8-14)
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free energy
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energy in a system that is available for work
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activation energy
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energy needed to start work
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endergonic reaction
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reactions thta involve a net absorption of free energy
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exergonic reaction
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reactions that have a release of energy
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oxidation reaction
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releases/loses 1 or moer electrons and becomes postitive.
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reduction reaction (redox)
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gains one or more electrons and becomes negative
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