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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
invertebrate
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animals that have no backbone, or vertebral colomn
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vertebrate
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5% of animals, including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals that have a backbone
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blastula
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when the zygote undergoes a series of divisions to form a hollow ball of cells. when folds, forms blastopore
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protostome
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animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore (blastula)(all up to echinoderms)
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deuterostome
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animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore (starting at echinoderms)
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mesoderm
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middle layer, with muscles, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
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endoderm
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innermost germ layer, linings of the digestive tract and respiratory system
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ectoderm
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outermost layer, sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the skin
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asymmetry
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no symmetry
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cephalization
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concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body (head)
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osculum
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large hole at the top of the sponge where water leaves the sponge
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spicule
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spike-shaped structure made of chalklike calcium carbonate (sponges skeleton)
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internal fertilization
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in sponges, sperm are rleased from one sponge and are carried by water currents until they enter the pores of another sponge
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larva
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immature stage of an organism that looks different from the adult form
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medusa
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motile, bell shaped body with mouth on the bottom (jellyfish)
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gastrovascular cavity
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a digestive chamber with one opening, that food enters and wastes leave through (cnidarians)
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nerve net
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loosely organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stiimuli (jellyfish)
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hydrostatic skeleton
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layer of muscles that together with the water in the gastrovascular cavity, enable the cnidarian to move
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cnidocyte
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stinging cells located in the tentacles
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nematocyst
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poison filled, stinging structure; contains a tightly coiled dart (rings) in tentacles used to defend
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acoelomate
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doesn't have a coelom
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coelom
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contains the organs of an animal. body cavity that is lined with tissue derived from mesoderm (roundworms=pseudocoelom; earthworms=true)
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pharynx
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section of the digestive system that extends from the mouth (flatworms)
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flame cell
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hollow cell in the excretory system that contains cilia that help to propel waste into excretory tubes (flatworms)
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hermaphrodite
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organism having both female and male reproductive parts
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scolex
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head of a tapeworm
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proglottid
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segment of a tapeworm
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pseudocoelom
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false coelom (roundworm)
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crop
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where food stored (earthworms/annelids or birds)
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gizzard
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where food ground into smaller pieces
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closed circulation
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blood is contained within a network of blood vessels
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nephridium
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excretory organs that filter fluid in the coelom (ammonia)
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clitellum
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band of thinckened, specialized segments, secretes a mucus ring into which eggs and sperm are released
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trocophore
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free swimming larval stage of aquatic mollusks
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mantle
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thin layer of tissue that covers most of a mollusk's body
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visceral mass
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area beneath the mantle of a mollusk that contains the inner organs
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radula
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flexible, tongue shaped structure in which hundreds of tiny teeth are attached that helps snails and slugs feed
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siphon
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tube like structure through which water enters and leaves a mollusks' body
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open circulation
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blood isn't always contained within a network of blood vessels
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pheromone
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specific chemical messenger that affects the behavior or developmet of other individuals of the same species
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exoskeleton
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tough extenal covering that protects and supports the body of many invertebrates
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endoskeleton
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inside skeleton
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appendage
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structures such as legs and antennae that ext3end from the body wall
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trachael tube
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one of the many branching, air filled tubes that extends throughout the bodies of many terrestrial arthropods
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spiracle
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air enters and leaves these small openings along the side of the body
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book lung
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organ that has layers of respiratory tissue stacked like the pages of a book. (arthropods)
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Malpighian tubule
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saclike organs that extract wastes fromt he blood and then add them to feces, or digestivee wastes, that move through the gut
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molting
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process in which arthropods shed its exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one to take its place
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cephalothorax
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region formed when the head is fused with the thorax (arthropods)
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abdomen
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posterior part of the arthropods body (back)
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carapace
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part of the exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax
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mandible
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mouth part adapted for biting and grinding food (arthropods)
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cheliped
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claws on lobsters (arthropods) first pair of legs
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swimmerets
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flipperlike appendages used for swiming
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pedipalp
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pair of mouthparts in a chelicerate (arthropods/spiders)used to grab prey
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spinneret
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organ in spiders that contain silk glands (arthropods)
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metamorphosis
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process of changing shape and form. (insects)
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nymph
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immature form (incomplete metamorphosis)lack functional sexual organs and other adult structures, like wings
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pupa
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stage of metamorphosis in which an insect changes from larva to an adult
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water vascular system
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system of internal tubes in echinoderms
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chordate
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has a dorsal (hollow nerve cord), a notochord, pharyngleal pouches, and tail that extends beyond the anus
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notochord
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long suppporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve chord. (embyro) (chordate)
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pharyngeal pouches
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paired structures in the throat region (chordate)
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vertabrae
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individual segments in a backbone
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ventricle
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lower chamber of the heart that pumps the blood out of the heart
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cartilage
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strong connective tissue that supports tthe body and is softer and more flexible than bone
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cerebrum
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area of the brain responsible for all voluntary acitivities of the body (thinking)
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cerebellum
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region of the brain that controls body momements
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medulla oblongata
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area of the brain that controls the functions of many internal organs
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lateral line system
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sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water
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swim bladder
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internal gas-filled organ in many bony fishes that adjusts their bouyancy
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oviparous
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eggs hatch outside the mothers body
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ovoviviparous
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animals whose young are born alive after developing in eggs inside the mother's body (sharks)
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viviparous
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nourished directly from the mother's body as they develop
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cloaca
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muscular cavity at the end of the large instestine through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body
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nictitating membrane
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movable transparent membrane in amphibians located inside the regular eyelid; protects the surface of the eye from damage under water and keeps it moist on land
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tympanic membrane
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eardrum of amphibians inside the skull; vibrates in response to sound allowing hearing
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ecotherm
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rely on behavior to help control body temperature
(warm up=sun) |
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amniotic egg
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egg composed of shell and membranes that create a protected environment in which the embryo can develop out of the water
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endoderm
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animals that can generate their own body heat
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air sac
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inhaled air enters here, creates ONE WAY air flow in birds
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monotreme
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egg laying mammals
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marsupial
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mammals bearing live young that usually complete development in an external pouch
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placenta
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an organ in which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchangedefficiently between the embryo and it's mother
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binocular vision
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ability to merge visual images from both eyes, 3D
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anthropoid
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human-like primates
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prehensile
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limb that can grasp
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hominoid
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great apes (old)
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hominid
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modern humans and their extinct relatives
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bipedal
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two-foot locomotion
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opposable thumb
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a digit which evolved in the hominid family, enabled grasping objects and using tools
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alveolus
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thousands of bubblelike structures in the lungs of mammals
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behavior
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way an organism reacts to changes
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stimulus
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signal that carries information and can be detected
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response
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reaction to a stimulus
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innate behavior
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instinct
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learning
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acquired behavior
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habituation
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process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms the animal
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classical conditioning
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making a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment
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operant conditioning
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animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice in order to get a reward
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insight learning
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reasoning
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imprinting
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animals with their mothers, ect.
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migration
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periodic movement from one place to another and then back again
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circadian rhythem
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behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns (sleep at night)
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courtship
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when an individual sends out stimuli in order to attract a member of the opposite sex
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aggresion
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threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another
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