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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Allele
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Dominant or Recessive (B or b). Two alleles make one gene.
Each allele in a gene come from a parent. |
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Gene
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Made of 2 alleles.
Bb, BB, or bb. Determine characteristics of a person. Spiral (double helix) shaped. |
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Chromosome
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Carriers of genes.
Come In Pairs. Rod shaped. 46 in human body cells. 23 in gamete cells. |
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Homozygous
Heterozygous |
Homo genes have same alleles: BB or bb.
Hetero genes have different alleles: Bb or bB |
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Dominant
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Dominant alleles are capitalized (eg. B)
Recessive alleles are lower case (eg. b) Genes with a dominant allele recieves a dominant phenotype. (Zz, zZ or ZZ) |
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Recessive
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Genes with both resessive alleles recieve resessive phenotype. (zz)
Recessive alleles are lower case (eg. b) |
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Genotype
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Your genotype is your genetic characteristics. The set of genes you carry make up your genotype.
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Phenotype
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Your phenotype is your visible characteristics. It is detirmined by your genotype.
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Punnet Squares
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Punnet squares are used to detirmine the probability of recieving a particular characteristicfrom you parents.
We can use your mother's and father's genetype to detirmine your possible phenotype. They are only projections. They show what is most likely to happen, but not WILL happen in reality. |
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Gametes
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A gamete is a sex cell (sperm or egg) that fuses with another gamete during fertilisation for reproduction. Gametes are formed through meiosis.
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Zygote
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A zygote is the result of two fused gametes. Ot is the very beginning of a new organism.
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Probability of gender.
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Human gametes have 23 chromosomes, which are a sex chromosome. When two gametes fuse together, they form a zygote which has 46 chromosomes.
Egg gametes always carry the sex chromosome 'X'. Half of the sperm gametes carry the sex chromosome 'X' and the other half have the sex chromosome 'Y'. When an egg is fertilized, there is a 50% chance of it being male, and a 50% chance of it being female. |
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Haploid & Diploid
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Haploid cells have a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, paired together. Gametes are haploid. Zygotes are diploid. |
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Mitosis
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A form of cell division.
Happens in fertilized eggs. New cells have same number of chromosomes as original. |
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Meiosis
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A form of cell division.
Used to make sperm and eggs. New cells have half the number of chromosomes as original cell. |
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Fertilization
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The fertilization process is where two gametes fuse together to make a zygote.
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Asexual Reproduction
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Reproduce without fusion of gametes.
Have same genes as their parent. Have only one parent. NO VARIATION. |
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Sexual Reproduction
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Reproduce by fusing male and female gametes.
Have a mixture of genes and characteristics from their parents. Have VARIATION. |
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Variation
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Differences between members of the same species.
Variation allows certain members of a species to survive better in an environment that other members would. If there was no variation within the human race, positivley we may all share immunity to a particular disease. Negativley, we may also all be vulnerabble to a particular disease, resulting in pandemic or even extinction. Because there IS variation, certain humans will be immune to a disease, while other will be immune to others. Even if there is an outbreak, some people will still survive. |
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Petal
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Attracts insect pollinators for pollution.
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Anther
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Holds pollen (pollen is the gamete for flowers) Anther brushes pollen against pollinators.
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Filament
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Holds the anther.
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Stigma
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Collects pollen from pollinators.
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Style
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Holds the stigma. Pollen travels through the style to the ovary.
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Ovary
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Contains the ovule. (ovules are the female gamete for flowers)
Here, the pollen fertilizes the ovules. Once the ovules are fertilized, the become seeds. |
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Photosynthesis
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Unlike humans, who hunt or grow their own food, plants have to make their own food. This process is called photosynthesis. Photosythesis occurs in cloroplasts, a special part of leaf cells. Chloroplasts contain a subsance called chlorophyll, whick can turn carbon dioxide and water into sugars -> food for plants.
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Photosynthesis formula
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Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight (energy) + Chlorophyll = Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen.
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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
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Concentration of: Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, Water, Chlorophyll, and Temperature.
As concentration of one increases, a plant photosynthesises faster. But, due to other limiting factors, the rate of photosynthesis plateaus. |
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Temperature Affecting Photosynthesis
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Temperature is an exception. Most plants photosynthesise best between 20 and 30 degrees. Any higher or lower, and the rate of photosynthesis falls.
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