Biology A.4

Front 1

Sean Patrick diansay

Back 1

A.4 notes

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Taxis

Back 2

the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food.

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Kinesis

Back 3

a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus

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Innate Behavior

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Innate behaviors do not have to be learned or practiced. They are also called instinctive behaviors. An instinct is the ability of an animal to perform a behavior the first time it is exposed to the proper stimulus.

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Reflexes

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Reflexes are involuntary movements or actions. Some movements are spontaneous, occurring as part of the baby's usual activity. Others are responses to certain actions. Reflexes help identify normal brain and nerve activity.

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Learned Behavior

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behavioris a response to a stimulus.

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Palmar Grasp Reflex

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When an object is placed in the infant's hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp.

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Effector

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an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

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Reflex Arcs

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the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between.

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Sensory Neurons

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nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses.

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Motor Neurons

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a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.

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Relay Neurons

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one of the three classifications of neurons found in the human body.

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Withdrawal Reflex

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a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli. It is polysynaptic, causing stimulation of sensory, association, and motor neurons.

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Dorsal Root

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a cluster of nerve cell bodies (a ganglion) in a posteriorroot of a spinal nerve. The dorsal root ganglia lack motor neurons.

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Ventral Root

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efferent motor root of a spinal nerve.At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve.

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Imprinting

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ome to recognize (another animal, person, or thing) as a parent or other object of habitual trust.

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Operant Conditioning

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a learning process in which behavior is sensitive to, or controlled by, its consequences.

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Reflex Conditioning

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a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to be elicited in response to a previously neutral stimulus

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Encoding

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It allows the perceived item of interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain, and then recalled later from short-term or long-term memory.

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Assessing

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evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of.

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Short term memory

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the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.

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Grey Matter

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the darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites.

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Hippocampus

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the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.

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Involuntary Response

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A reflex

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Unconditioned Reflex

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conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork)

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Conditioned Reflex

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biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned reflexresponse (e.g., salivation).