Biology A.3

Front 1

Sensory receptors

Back 1

Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation.

Front 2

Photoreceptors

Back 2

The light-sensitive cells in the retina- the rods and cones.

Front 3

Mechanoreceptors

Back 3

A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical disturbances, such as shape changes (being squashed, bent, pulled, etc.). Mechanoreceptors include touch receptors in the skin, hair cells, in the ear, muscle spindles, and others.

Front 4

Chemoreceptors

Back 4

chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 5

Thermoreceptors

Back 5

sensory receptors found in the skin, body core, and hypothalamus that detect various temperatures

Front 6

Retina

Back 6

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

Front 7

Rods

Back 7

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.

Front 8

Cones

Back 8

Cone-shaped visual receptor cells; located in retina; works best in bright light; responsible for viewing color; greatest density in the fovea

Front 9

Bipolar cells

Back 9

A type of retinal cells that accepts electric (nerve) impulses from the photoreceptors and passes them to the ganglion cells

Front 10

Ganglion cells

Back 10

In the retina, the specialized neurons that connect to the bipolar cells; the bundled axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve.

Front 11

Optic chiasma

Back 11

The crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain. Helps with binocular vision.

Front 12

Eardrum

Back 12

tightly stretched membrane located at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when struck by sound waves

Front 13

Oval window

Back 13

membrane at the enterance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations

Front 14

Round windows

Back 14

Allows the cochlea to vibrate freely.

Front 15

Malleus

Back 15

Bone that projects into the epitympanic recess

Front 16

Incusa

Back 16

small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

Front 17

Stapes

Back 17

stirrup; last of the tree auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Front 18

Cochlea

Back 18

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

Front 19

Cupula

Back 19

A gelatin-like structure containing a tuft of hairlike sensory receptor cells in the semicircular canals.

Front 20

Optic nerve

Back 20

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Front 21

Auditory nerve

Back 21

the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound

Front 22

Iris

Back 22

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

Front 23

Sclera

Back 23

The white part of the eye

Front 24

Odorants

Back 24

dissolved chemicals that stimulate olfactory neurons, interact with membrane receptors that bind onto the membrane surface

Front 25

Olfactory receptors

Back 25

Chemoreceptors in the upper nasal cavity that respond to odor chemicals.

Front 26

Choroid

Back 26

layer beneath sclera; helps supply retina with blood; dark, pigmented area that reduces reflection in the eye

Front 27

Vitreous humor

Back 27

jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape

Front 28

aqueous humor

Back 28

Clear, transparent fluid that fills the anterior chambe

Front 29

Cornea

Back 29

Begins the process of collecting, bending, and focusing light rays

Front 30

Pupil

Back 30

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

Front 31

Conjuctiva

Back 31

transparent mucous membrane that coats the anterior portions of the eye and the underside of the eyelids; conjuctivitis -> pink eye

Front 32

Fovea

Back 32

What area of the retina consists of only cones and has the greatest visual acuity?

Front 33

Blind spot

Back 33

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

Front 34

Hair cells

Back 34

Sensory receptors found in the inner ear. Cochlear hair cells respond to vibration in the cochlea caused by sound waves and vestibular hair cells respond to changes in position and acceleration (used for balance).

Front 35

Ossicles

Back 35

three bones that amplify that stimulus and transmits it through window to fluid filled inner ear

Front 36

Pinna

Back 36

a lofty peak; the highest or culminating point, as of success, power, fame, etc.; any pointed, towering part or formation, as of rock; to set on or as if on a pinnacle.

Front 37

Hyperpolarization

Back 37

The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.

Front 38

Thalamus

Back 38

A Subcortical structure that relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.

Front 39

Semicircular canals

Back 39

three canals within the inner ear that contain specialized receptor cells that generate nerve impulses with body movement

Front 40

Volatile chemicals

Back 40

Organic chemicals that can evaporate at ordinary room temperature.

Front 41

Lens

Back 41

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

Front 42

Cilia

Back 42

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Front 43

Cochlear implant

Back 43

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

Front 44

Mastoid bone

Back 44

Located behind the ear (felt as hard bump behind ear). Air cells inside are connected to the middle ear through the mastoid antrum (air-filled cavity)Located behind the ear (felt as hard bump behind ear). Air cells inside are connected to the middle ear through the mastoid antrum (air-filled cavity)