Biology A.1

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Sean Patrick Diansay

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Biology Notes A.1

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Neurulation

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folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.

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Chordates

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animals possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles.

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Gestation

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the process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth.

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Vertebrae

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In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.

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Xenopus

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genus of highly aquatic frogs native to sub-Saharan Africa.

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Plasticity

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the adaptability of an organism to changes in its environment or differences between its various habitats.

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Notochord

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efining structure forming in all chordate embryo

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Neural Plate

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key developmental structure that serves as the basis for the nervous system. Opposite the primitive streak in the embryo, ectodermal tissue thickens and flattens to become theneural plate.

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Neural Groove

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a shallow median groove of theneural plate between the neural folds of an embryo. Theneural plate is a thick sheet of ectoderm surrounded on either side by the neural folds, two longitudinal ridges in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo.

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Neural Tube

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the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord.

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Centrum

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A multivitamin

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Vertebral Arch

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circle of bone around the canal through which the spinal cord passes

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Dorsal

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of, on, or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.

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Ventral

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of, on, or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal.

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Differentiation

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the action or process of differentiating

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Neural Migration

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When the neurons migrate throughout the body

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Spina Bifida

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s a birth defect where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord

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Apoptosis

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programmed cell death

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Mature CNS

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The mature Central Nervous system

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Cell Proliferation

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the increase in cellnumber as a result of cell growth and division

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Mesoderm

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the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and endoderm (inside layer), with the mesoderm as the middle layer between them.

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Ectoderm

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Ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (most proximal layer), with theectoderm as the most exterior (or distal) layer. It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells.

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Endoderm

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the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the lining of the gut and associated structures.

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Ischemic Stroke

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Ischemic strokes occur as a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain

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Neural Pruning

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In neuroscience, synaptic pruning or axon pruning is the process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty in many mammals.

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Actin Filament

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linear polymers of globular actin (G-actin) subunits and occur as microfilaments in the cytoskeleton and as thinfilaments, which are part of the contractile apparatus, in muscle and nonmuscle cell

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Effectors

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an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.