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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three main types of biological systems?
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Cells, bodies, and ecosystems
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Why does the highest trophic level have the least amount of individuals and energy?
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Because most of the energy is lost as heat and only 10% of original energy is obtained when being passed on. Less energy = less support for organisms.
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Inputs of food web?
Outputs? |
sun, energy
heat, waste |
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Structure and function of a food web?
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producers are on the bottom so that consumers can consume their energy and decomposers can decompose that for the producers, the structure goes with the flow of energy
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energy is neither ____ nor _____, only _____.
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created nor destroyed;
only transformed |
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outline energy conversions that take place in a food web?
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producers: solar-->chemical
consumers: chemical-->heat in atmosphere |
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Define matter.
Total matter on earth is _____. |
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Total matter on earth is constant. |
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Describe/define biogeochemical cycles.
If total matter on Earth is constant, it must be _____. |
Biogeochemical cycles are cycles of matter through living and nonliving things.
-constant |
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Identify four most important elements required by organisms
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Hydrogen
Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon |
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Energy _____ and matter ______ through an ecosystem
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flows
recycles |
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define energy
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ability to do work
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list different types of energy/work
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kinetic-movement
chemical-chem. reactions heat-increase in temp electrial-electricity through a wire produce light-light light |
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what sources of energy drive:
carbon cycle nitrogen cycle water cycle rock cycle? |
carbon-sun
nitrogen-sun water-sun rock-heat energy from inside of earth |
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define and give examples of microorganisms
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-an organism that is too small to be seen with the human eye
ex. bacteria, fungi, other single-celled organisms |
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what are some roles that microorganisms play in the cycles above?
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convert n2 to nitrates and back to n2 (bacteria)
decompose |
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describe how a food web is related to a biogeochemical cycle
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the food web takes part in carbon/water cycles…photo and resp, transfers of energy, producers/consumers/decomposers, etc.
humans and consumers use the matter and nutrients that is being recycled through the biogeochemical cycles |
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list the 12 levels of organization in biology, in order
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atom
molecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism populations community biosphere |
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define atom
define molecule |
-basic unit of matter
-group of atoms |
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define organelle
define cell |
-specialized structure within a cell
-basic unit of life |
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define tissue
define organ define organ system |
-group of cells that perform a function
-group of tissues that perform a function -group of organs that perform a function |
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-an individual living thing
-group of organisms of species that live in the same area -group of populations living in an area -all parts of earth were life exist |
-organism
-population -community -biosphere |
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what is logistic growth?
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the initial stage is basically exponential, then the growth slows, and at maturity, growth stops
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if a population has a constant birth rate through time and is never limited
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exponential growth
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define limiting factor
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what stops a population from growing indefinitely
-ex. food availability, number of mates, water availability, etc. |
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what is the population size of the species an environment can sustain indefinitely given all necessities?
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carrying capacity
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explain when competition is greatest during a population's growth
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when the population has reaches its carrying capacity - more fights for resources
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how does competition lead to different levels of success surviving and reproducing?
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whichever organisms are more 'fit' for the competition to reproduce will have the benefits
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individuals who can reproduce and have the ability to reproduce (even though this isn't always constant) are ____
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fit (fitness-ability to reproduce)
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how does natural selection lead to changes in populations over time?
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-can be simply through sexual reproduction or genetic mutation
-when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival/reproductive rate than other individuals in a population and pass on these inheritable genetic characteristics to their offspring |
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what is the environmental feature (not variation) that leads to differential reproductive success
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selective pressure
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define fitness
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individuals who can reproduce/have the ability to reproduce... isn't constant, if environment changes, fitness of individuals may change
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what is the change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation?
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evolution
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how does natural selection lead to organisms that are well-suited for their environments
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because the fittest ones chosen by natural selection survive and reproduce
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four things necessary for natural selection to occur?
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1. homeostasis (internal vs external environment)
2. respond to external stimuli 3. obtain and convert energy --in order to do this, organisms must control their metabolism (everything happening internally) 4. transport materials around their cells/bodies -remove waste |
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describe some competing effects that maintain stability in an ecosystem
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-photo/resp
-pred/prey -evap/precip -burial/eruption -prod/decomp |
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what is the average temp. and precip. conditions in a particular region?
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climate
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of plants or animals originating in a part of the world other than where they are growing is _____
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nonnative
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define invasive species
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species that mirgrate to an area where they are nonnative and become dominant
-interferes with community's normal functioning |
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-fires, flooding, mud slides, climate change, human activity, etc. are examples of ____
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disturbances
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how do nonnative species disrupt an ecosystem
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becoming dominant in the ecosystem and interrupting the flow of energy
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relate interdependence to stability of ecosystems
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many processes/systems depend on other subsystems/processes in order to work correctly and remain stable
-photo / resp. |
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how does a disturbance affecting some subsystems affect other subsystems
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interferes with the interdependence, can ruin stability of subsystems working together
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how does a change in input affect the system
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Different inputs cause different outputs
-Ex. Fuel in a car=movement; no fuel in a car=no movement |
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evaluate how a disturbance might affect the fitness of individuals in that ecosystem, and how it might affect the outcome of natural selection
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-ecosystem could die out
-if some species are more able to adapt to new ecosystem or aren't effected, they will determine changes in ecosystem |
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what is the sum total of all diferrent kinds of organisms in an ecosystem
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biodiversity
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_____ is the primary cause of biodiversity and _____
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natural selection
evolution |
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how to calculate biodiversity?
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# of species/total organisms
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what are the benefits of biodiversity
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-increases stability
-benefits humans -food -work, transport, farming -hobbies/enjoyment |
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how does biodiversity lead to greater stability
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-disease doesn't spread as fast
-enough resources for more organisms because different organisms need different resources, and there won't be as much competition as there would be with only one type of organism |
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how could a disturbance effect biodiversity
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-could decrease it because human activity can kill of organisms and there environments
-invasive species can increase biodiversity but make for harder competition for resources, eventually leading to smaller biodiversity |
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human population has been growing ____over the past few hundred years
why? |
exponentially
because of advances in agriculture, medicine, technology, and energy use |
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how do humans change ecosystems?
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destruct nature
add pollution to air hunting use of water |
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what are some inadvertent changes humans cause to happen to the environment?
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invasive species, pollution, waste energy, spread disease, extinction of organisms, use water, oil spills, greenhouse gases, melt icebergs
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what are some deliberate changes humans cause to happen to the environment?
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hunting, cut down trees, build, landfills, expand (space), destroy habitats and rivers (dams), and dump waste (cruises)
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how NOx and SOx from fossil fuels cause acid rain?
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released into the air, carried by the wind, absorbed in rainwater, forming acid rain
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when co2 and other gases are released into the atmosphere and trapped in the ozone layer, causing global warming
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this is the greenhouse effect.
-necessary for life -too much pollution is thickening the ozone layer, making the earth too warm |
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how have humans increased the greenhouse effect causing climate change?
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burning of fossil fuels (more nox, sox, co2)
deforestation (less o2) |
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how does agriculture runoff lead to the death of aquatic organisms? (eutrophication)
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fertilizer runoff first increases algae growth, then algae starts dying because they don't have enough oxygen, which increases decomposition, which decreases 02 further, and aquatic animals die
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how do toxins produced in farms and factories bioaccumulate/biomagnify?
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when toxic substances aren't broken down, concentration of substances increases as it moves up the food chain
-mercury released by chemical plants into water -gets into food chains, high levels in fish because of biomagnification -human eat fish -mercury poisoning |
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what has to happen for coal and oil beds to be created
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-producers must grow/die faster than they can be decomposed (burial..eventually might turn into fossil fuels)
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a resource that can be recycled
a resource that can only be used once |
reneweable
nonrenewable |
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what are some common renewable resources?
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solar, wind, hydroelectric
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what are some common unrenewable resources?
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coal, oil, gas, nuclear
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what are the different types of energy?
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solar, hydroelectric, kinetic, chemical, heat, light, motion
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how is electricity generated by burning fossil fuels/nuclear fuel
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essential goal is to create steam from heating water which turns the turbine that is connected to a coil of wire in a magnet which turns and creates electricity
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what are the energy transformations in a power plant?
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burning fuel (chem.) --> boils water (heat) -->steam/turbine (motion)-->general (electrical)
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what are some uses for oil besides its use as an energy resource?
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-lubricants
-plastics -asphalt |
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what are some environmental issues involving the burning of fossil fuels?
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fossil fuels pollute air with smog, climate change, and acid rain
nuclear don't pollute the air but there is debate on where to store radioactive waste b/c its dangerous and there is a risk of meltdown |
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diagram energy transformations in a wind turbine, solar cell, and hydrogen fuel cells
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wind turbine: motion-->electrical
solar cell: solar-->electrical (uses a material to make electrons move) hydrogen fuel cells (cars): chemical (hydrogen and oxygen)-->react to form water and make electrical energy |
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what are some of the limitations of wind turbines, solar cells, and hydrogen fuel cells
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wind: must be effective; not always windy and turbines are loud and ugly, not always wanted
solar: most be in a sunny place, no electricity at night or when its cloudy hydrogen: hard to obtain and distribute |
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what are the functions of:
-cytoskeleton mitochondria chloroplast |
-cyto helps movement of substances, structure and support
-mito converts proteins-->energy for cell activity -chloro captures light energy for food (photo.) |
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-nucleus
-ribosome -vacuole |
-nucleus has instructions for making proteins; controls cell activity
-ribosomes produce proteins -vacuole stores water and removes waste products |
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-cell membrane
-cell wall -flagella/cilia |
-cell mem. regulates what is allowed in/out of a cell (phospholipid bilayer)
-cell wall provides support and brings proteins to the cell -flagella/cilia allow movement of the cell |
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-rough ER
-smooth ER -golgi body -vesicles |
-rough ER produces/transports proteins and membrane
-smooth ER produces lipids (fats) -golgi body modifies/sorts/packages materials and proteins from the ER -vesicles transport materials around the cells |
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atoms differ based upon number of ____ they have, and each different type of atom is called an _____
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-protons
-element |
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in a ____ charged atom, the number of protons equal the number of electrons
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neutrally
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molecules are a collection of ____ bonded together
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atoms
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atoms bond together by sharing ____, these atoms can form one bond for each ____ it can share
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-electrons
-electrons |
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the four most common elements and number of bonds?
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hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
1, 2, 3 , 4 |
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why can carbon form the backbone of large complex molecules?
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because carbon can make the most bonds making it possible to have more complex molecules
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what are the four classes of biological molecules? identify polymers and monomers
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carbohydrates
-polymer: polysaccharides -monomer: monosaccharides lipids -not polymers/monomers -fats, oils, steroids (test,est) -glycerol, fatty acids nucleic acids -p:nucleic acids -m:nucleotides proteins -p: polypeptides m: amino acids |
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why do organisms need to maintain homeostasis
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to maintain constant internal environment even as external environment changes
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list functions organisms need to perform to maintain homeostasis
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1. seperate internal/ex environment (cell membrane)
2. obtain/convert energy (chloroplast, mitochondria) 3. respond to external stimuli in order to obtain energy, avoid predation, get rid of diseas -to do this, organisms must control metabolism (chemical reactions occuring inside of them) 4.transport materials around their cells/bodies -remove waste |
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why do cells need a cell membrane
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because it prevents substances dissolved in water (hydrophilic) from crossing the membrane. it is semi-permeable (letting only some molecules through)
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define hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances
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philic-attract water molecules / dissolve in water
phobic-resist water molecules/don't dissolve in water |
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classify four classes of biological molecules as philic or phobic
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carbs: philic
lipids: phobic nucleic acids: philic proteins: philic |
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structure of lipid?
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philic heads and phobic tails make up a hydrophobic layer, no philic substances can pass through
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most molecules in cells are water loving, and dissolve in the water of the ____
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cytoplasm
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molecules that can easily pass through cell membrane
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simple molecules like 02 and co2
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how can cells regulate transport of molecules across membrane using proteins
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cell controls which molecules enter/exit by which proteins are in membrane. certain proteins=certain regulations
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what is a solution
solute? solvent? |
solution is solute dissolved in solvent
ex. salt water-solution solute-salt solvent-water |
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describe movement of molecules across membrane by diffusion
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when molecules go from high concentration to low concentration to equal out concentration of molecules
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what is osmosis
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diffusion of water across membrane to even out concentration when a membrane isn't permeable to the solute(molecule dissolved in water)
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glucose stores ____ energy that can be used by the cell
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chemical
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chemical energy is stored in bonds between atoms, and ____ breaks down glucose, releasing the energy in its bonds
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cellular respiration
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C-H bonds store ____ than C-O or O-H bonds
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more
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word/symbol equations for cellular respiration?
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c6h1206+602--->6co2+6H20
glucose and oxygen-->carbon dioxide and water (also energy as atp) |
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reactants and products of a chemical reaction?
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reactant: any substance that undergoes chemical change in a process...everything you start with
product: everything you end with.. a substance obtained from another substance through chem change |
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why do cells need cellular respiration?
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to get energy from glucose to perform chemical reactions
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why do reactants of cell resp store more energy than the products?
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because the reactants CH bonds in glucose are still together and the product is the bonds broken apart once the energy is used
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some energy released during cell resp is stored in atp, but most is lost as _____
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heat energy
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diagram energy transformations in cell resp
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chemical (glucose)-->heat and chemical (ATP)
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how does atp provide energy for reactions in cell?
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atp has two bonded phosphates and cellular respiration breaks apart the phosphates which releases energy and heat,and the ADP+P uses energy from cellular respiration to rebond the two phosphates
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why is ATP considered the rechargable battery...describe atp cycle
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it is the rechargable batter because once the battery is dead (phosphate bond is broken) it uses energy fron cellular respiration to turn back into ATP
atp makes energy when broken bond of phosphates releases energy that can be used by the cell |
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cellular respiration occurs on the inner membrane of the ____, becuase it is ____ .. how is this structure and function
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mitochondrion,
folded folding gives more space for reactions to occur |
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how do humans get glucose and oxygen from the external environment into their cells...with what organs...what is digestoin
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2. ingesting polymers, which are digested
-broken into monomers in small intestine 2. monomers are absorbed into blood and taken to all cells of body |
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why do organisms need to perform photo?
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-replenish constant energy lost as heat
-bottom of food chain -life would cease to exist without it |
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photo takes ___ energy and stores it in the form of ___ molecules
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light
glucose |
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what is the electromagnetic spectrum?
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distribution of electromagnetic radiation according to energy..spectrum of energy carrying waves (radiation)
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photosynthesis can only use part of the em spectrum, especially ___ and ___ light
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blue
red -visible part |
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why do colors appear different
why are photosynthesizing parts of pants green |
because objects absorb colors and reflect some and what we see is the reflected color
because chloroplast absorbs red/blue light and reflects green light |
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word/symbol equation for photo?
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6c02+6h20-->c6h1206+6o2
carbon dioxide and water-->glucose and oxygen |
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energy transformations in photo?
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light (solar)-->chemical(glucose)
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connections b/w photo and resp., food webs and c02 and h20 cycles
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food webs are parts of all of the cycles...everything interacts
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connections b/w cellular resp and eutrophication
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fertilizer gets into water and eventually low amount of oxygen=no oxygen for resp (hypoxia) and cant perform respiration to recharge ATP .. no more functioning
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photo & resp related to transformations of matter and energy and interdependence
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-photo replenishes energy and respiration transforms that energy to an energy carrying molecule
-products of photo are reactants of respiration and vice versa(interd.) |
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functions of proteins
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structure, support, regulation, receptor, enzyme, signal (hormones), contractile
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endomembrane system?
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system where a molecule produced will end up in a vacuole, plasma membrane, or excreted from cell after going through rough ER
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most molecules cells build are ___
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proteins
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there are 20 different amino acids which combine to form ___
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proteins
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enzyme?
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various proteins that catalyze certain processes
ex. in digestion, speed up splitting proteins |
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how are enzymes like a lock and key?
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enzymes are specific to certain reactions they catalzye...active site matches the substrate so they fit together..lock-AS substrate-KEY
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how do changes in pH, salt level, and temp, affect ability of enzyme to function. how is this regulation/structure and function
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changes in pH salt level in temp affect ability to function b/c they denature the enzyme's shape so it can no longer catalyze the reaction its specific to
regulation: need a regular environment to obtain balance, checks and balances thrown off when optimal levels change -structure and function: enzyme are specific to reactions b/c shape of active site matches substrate |
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intracellular?
intercellular? |
-messages within a cell
-messages between cells -chemical signals cal also be used to communicate b/w organisms |
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what is a hormone
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chem. substance produced in body that controls/regulates activity of certain cells/organs
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describe cell cycle
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-series of events leading to a cell’s division.
• 1. In g1, the cell grows to full size, and at the g1 checkpoint it makes sure its at it’s full growth and is beneficial to divide • 2. in S, the DNA replicates • 3. in g2, the organelles replicate and at the g2 checkpoint makes sure the organelles and DNA replicated • 4. in mitosis/cytokinesis, the cell is dividing. At the metaphase checkpoint, it makes sure the chromosomes are lined up in the middle. |
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how do intra and intercellular communications regulate cell cycle?
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intracellular control checkpoint proteins to make sure its beneficial to organism and intercellular molecules control growth factors making sure everything has done their jobs
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what is a prokaryotic cell?
eukaryotic? |
pro-has no nucleus/dna freely floating
eu-nucleus & contained dna bacteria=pro plants/animals fungi=eu |
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advantages of membrane bound cells?
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reactions occur at enzymes imbedded in membranes
-more membranes-more enzymes-more reactions-more functions for cell |
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viruses are simple structure containing only dna surrounded by a ___
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protein coat
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fermentation is cellular respiration without _____
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oxygen
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aerobic?
anaerobic? |
-an environment w/ oxygen
-an environment w/o oxygen |
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what is lactic acid fermentation?
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performed by muscle cells, produces lactic acid, makes milk, cheese, and yogurt
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what is alcoholic fermentation?
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performed by microorganisms, produces co2 and alcohol, makes bread, beer, and wine
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why would human muscles cells under go lactic acid fermentation
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because when you exercise you get less oxygen, so they begin to produce ATP without oxygen. buildup of lactic acid causes soreness after activity
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long structure of neurons allows for _______
biconcave red blood cells allows for _________ |
messages to be carried long distances
bigger surface areas..more molecules can go in and out |
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inputs/outputs of different cells/organelles
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mitochondria
-inputs: glucose, 02, enzymes -outputs: heat, co2, h20, atp chloroplasts -in: light, h20, co2, enzymes out: glucose, 02, heat ribosomes: in: amino acids, ATP out: protiens, ADP+P |
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dna is a nuclear acid polymer consisting of a chain of ____
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nucleotide polymers
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structure of a nucleotide?
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a polymer consisting of a chain of repeating nucleotide monomers
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why does a pair with t and c with g?
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a & t = 2 hydrogen bonds, constant diameter
c&g = 2 hydrogen bonds, constant diameter |
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who were watson, crick, and franklin?
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watson/crick discovered double helix structure and constant diameter
franklin took xray images of DNA and saw spiral structure |
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complementary strand:
ATGCTGACACGT other strand? |
TACGACTGTGCA
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if 30% A....
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30 % t
20 % g 20 % c |
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what is a genome?
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entirety of an organisms hereditary info. encoded in dna, or rna for viruses
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what is gel electrophoreses?
role of restriction endonuclease? |
separation of DNA or protein molecules using an electric field applied to a gel
endonuclease are cut into fragments by restriction enzyme so that they are the same length when undergoing EPH |
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how it helps in forensics, genetic diseas, paternity testing, relatedness?
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makes dna visible so that it can be compared to other dna samples
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how does dna control cells metabolism
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contains instructions for production of enzymes, and enzymes control a cells metabolism (sum of all chem. reactions)
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what is a gene
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unit of heredity that is transferred from parent-offspring and is held to determine a characteristic of offspring
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describe protein synthesis
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when proteins are needed, gene undergoes transcription in nuclease and makes a copy with rna polymerase to create mRNA
-mRNA goes to ribosome -translation is performed, creating a chain of amino acids(protein) |
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central dogma of molecular biology?
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dna undergoes transcription and becomes mRNA then undergoes translation to become a protein
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rna versus dna
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dna nucleotides are bonded
dna has atcg dna has 2 strands of back bone rna has one strand of backbone has aucg nucleotides are not bonded |
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transcription?
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mRNA copies info from dna
copy is made when rna polymerase splits the dna nucleotides and rna makes complementary base pairings |
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translation?
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first codon of mRNA attaches to a ribosome, then tRNA approaches and pairs with mRNA codon
-mRNA slides along ribosome to next codon, where next tRNA molecule pairs w/ mRNA codon -the two tRNA amino acids become joined by a peptide bond and first tRNA molecule is released. as this continues, a chain of amino acids ( a protein) is formed |
