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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differentiation |
The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job ( develops different subcellular structures & turn into different types of cells ) |
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White Blood Cells |
Defend against infection : Change shape ; gobble up unwanted microorganisms (phagocytosis) OR Produce antioxidants to fight microorganisms & antioxidants to neutralise toxins |
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Antibiotics |
Kill / Prevent growth of bacteria causing problem, without killing body cells |
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It’s difficult to develop drugs that can kill viruses because... |
Viruses reproduce using your body cells |
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Measles |
Viral disease Spread by droplets from infected person sneeze or cough Red skin rash and fever Vaccination when young |
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HIV |
Virus Sexual contact / Bodily fluids Flu (during this time antiretroviral drugs — stop replication) Attacks immune cells AIDS develop |
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TMV ( tobacco mosaic virus ) |
Plants Mosaic pattern on leaves & discolouration Discolouration means plant cant photosynthesise |
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Rose black spot |
Rose plants Fungus causes purple black spots leaves Not possible to photosynthesise so affects plant growth Spread through environment in water Fungicides and stripping affected leaves |
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Malaria |
Protist Mosquitos (vectors) pick up malaria (protist) when feed on infected animal Infects by insertion into animals blood vessels Repeating episodes of fever Stopping mosquito breeding |
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Pathogens |
Bacteria, virus, protists, fungi Microorganisms cause disease Communicable diseases Plants & animals |
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Bacteria disease |
Very small cells Produce toxins damage cells and tissues |
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Viruses |
Not cells — smaller Reproduce rapidly Live inside cells & replicate — then burst & release new viruses Cell damage |
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Protist disease |
Eukaryotes Single celled Some are parasites : live on / in other organisms — transferred by vectors |
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Fungi disease |
Some are single celled Others have body made of hyphae Hyphae grow & penetrate human skin & plants, cause diseases Produce spores: can be spread to other animals/plants |
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(4) things that affect rate of transpiration |
• Light intensity : brighter=greater rate & photosynthesis •temperature : warmer=faster •air flow : better=faster : of low air flow, water vapour surrounds lead: same conc inside & out of leaf therefore diffusion slower •humidity : drier=faster : same as air flow |
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You can estimate rate of transpiration by... |
Measuring uptake of water by plant ( assume water uptake by plants directly related to water loss by leaves (transpiration) ) |
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How are guard cells adapted to open and close stomata? |
• kidney shape : Open and close stomata in leaf • when lots of water guard cells fill and plump. Stomata open gases exchange: photosynthesis • short of water: guard cells lose water become flaccid • thin outer walls , thick inner walls • sensitive to light : close @ night : save water • more stomata underleaf: cooler & shadier : less water lost |
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Phloem tubes |
Transport food Elongated living cells Small pores for cell sap flow From leaves to rest of plant Translocation |
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Xylem tubes |
Dead cells joined end to end Carry water & mineral ions from roots to stem & leaves Transpiration stream |
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Transpiration is... |
Loss of water from plant Caused by evaporation & diffusion it water from plants surface Cause shortage of water in leaf, so water taken from rest of plant through xylem tubes |
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Epidermal tissue |
Covers whole plant |
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Palisade mesophyll tissue |
Part of leaf where photosynthesis happens |
