Biology

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Cytoplasm

Back 1

A clear, gel-like substances in which organelles are suspended in.

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Lysosomes

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Contains digestive enzymes that digest foreign matter and worn-out cell components.

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Nucleus

Back 3

A self-contained unit that houses DNA. It is the control centre of the cell.

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (follows the concentration gradient). It is a form of passive transport.

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Diffusion

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The movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (follows the concentration gradient). It is a form of passive transport. E.g. O2 and CO2 molecules.

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Passive Transport

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The transport of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (follows the concentration gradient). It does not require energy.

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Active Transport

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The movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (does not follow the concentration gradient). It requires energy.

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Hypotonic Solution

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Higher concentration of solute in the cell (lower concentration outside the cell). Water moves from the solution to inside the cell and the cell swells and bursts (cytolysis).

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Hypertonic Solution

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The concentration of solute in the solution is much higher than the concentration of solute inside the cell therefore water will move from the solution to the cell and cause the cell to swell and burst (cytolysis).

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Vacuole

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Contains water and dissolved substances.

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Organelles

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Organised and specialised structures within living cells.

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Mitochondria

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Provide energy for the cell via cellular respiration. The power house of the cell. They contain fats, proteins and enzymes.

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Hypertonic Solution

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Lower concentration of solute in the cell (higher concentration outside the cell). Water moves from the cell to the solution and the cell shrinks (plasmolysis).

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Isotonic Solution

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An equal concentration of solute (and water) inside and outside the cell (dynamic equilibrium), however the molecules do still move in and out of the cell.

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Cell Membrane

Back 15

A thin sheet with pores covering it. It is a semipermeable membrane that is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. It is the gateway for transporting materials in and out of the cell. Intracellular substances move out of the cell while extracellular substances movie into the cell. The phospholipid bilayer is composed of hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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A network of enzymes throughout the cytoplasm that is involved in the transport of materials. Also the site of lipid synthesis.

Smooth: involved in the making of transport vesicles.

Rough: involved in the making of proteins. Studded with ribosomes.

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Ribosomes

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Synthesise proteins. Tiny granules composed of proteins and RNA.

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Golgi Apparatus

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Involved in the modification and transport of proteins and other substances. They are flattened sacs and are part of the ER.

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Chloroplasts

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Converts sunlight energy to glucose via photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll.

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Cytoskeleton

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Provides shape and support and facilitates movement.

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Plant Organelles vs Animal Organelles

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Plant cells contain the same organelles as animal cells as well as chloroplasts, starch grain, plastids and a cell wall.

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Protein Pumps

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Transport proteins that require energy to do work. Like a boom gate that you have to pay to get in.

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Endocytosis

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Cell takes in a large particle by engulfing it.

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Exocytosis

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Moves particles too large to pass through the membrane. Vesicles from the golgi apparatus or ER fuse with the membrane, releasing contents.

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Chlorophyll

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Chlorophylls are greenish pigments which contain a porphyrin ring. This is a stable ring-shaped molecule around which electrons are free to migrate. Because the electrons move freely, the ring has the potential to gain or lose electrons easily, and thus the potential to provide energized electrons to other molecules. This is the fundamental process by which chlorophyll "captures" the energy of sunlight.There are several kinds of chlorophyll, the most important being chlorophyll "a". This is the molecule which makes photosynthesis possible, by passing its energized electrons on to molecules which will manufacture sugars.

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Cell Wall

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Provides structure, support and protection.

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Flagellum/ Cillia

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Used for locomotion. Move liquid past the surface of the cell.

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Facilitated Diffusion

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The movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (follows the concentration gradient) via channel proteins and carrier proteins. It is a form of passive transport.

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Cellular Respiration Part 2

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Front 30

Cellular Respiration Part 1

Back 30

Front 31

Photosynthesis Light Reactions Part 1

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Front 32

Photosynthesis Light Reactions Part 2 and Calvin Cycle

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Front 33

Enzymes

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Front 34

Endocrine and Nervous System

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Front 35

Homeostasis

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The ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to the environmental changes. The endocrine system and nervous system control homeostasis through feedback mechanisms.

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Enzymes

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Initially, as the temperature increases, enzyme activity also increases. This is because the enzyme molecules gain more kinetic energy and are more likely to successfully collide with the substrate molecules. This leads to more enzyme-substrate complexes being formed and therefore more product is formed in a given time.

However, after a certain temperature the bonds within the enzyme molecule that keep its shape begin to vibrate so violently that they break. This results in the enzyme losing its shape, including the active site's shape. This is called denaturation. As the substrate can no longer fit into the active site, the activity of the enzyme dramatically decreases. Once all the enzyme molecules are denatures the enzyme activity will completely cease.