Biology 8Th Ed. Raven Ch 56

Front 1

Define community

Back 1

all of the organisms that live together in a specific place

Front 2

Define species richness

Back 2

the # of species present

Front 3

Define primary productivity

Back 3

the amt of energy produced

Front 4

Define assemblage

Back 4

group of species that make up only a portion of the community

Front 5

What is the diff. between individualist concept and holistic concept of biological communities?

Back 5

individualistic: community is a aggregation of species in one place.
holistic: a community is an integrated unit, a sum of its parts.

Front 6

Define ecotone.

Back 6

places where the environment changes abruptly

Front 7

Define niche.

Back 7

the total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment

Front 8

Define interspecific competition.

Back 8

when two species try to use the same resource and there isn't enough for both

Front 9

Define interference competition.

Back 9

fighting, defense of territory to get resources

Front 10

Define exploitation competition.

Back 10

when two species compete to consume the same resource

Front 11

What is the diff. between a fundamental and a realized niche?

Back 11

the entire fundamental niche that the species is capable of using
realized is what is available to the species

Front 12

define the principle of competitive exclusion

Back 12

if 2 species are using the same resource, the one that is more efficient will eventually eliminate the other

Front 13

define resource partitioning

Back 13

when a species divides resources

Front 14

define character displacement

Back 14

differences in morphology evident in sympatric species

Front 15

how do predator-prey relationship led to coevolution?

Back 15

both predators may prey on the same species, or adults of one species may prey on the offspring of the other

Front 16

list 4 methods that prey use to avoid predation

Back 16

chemical defenses
chemical coloration
mimicry
difficult structure to consume

Front 17

define mimicry

Back 17

prey resembles another species

Front 18

define symbiosis

Back 18

two or more kinds of organisms interact in more or less permanent relationships

Front 19

what is the diff. between commensalism, mutualism and parasitism?

Back 19

commensalism: benefits one species and is neutral to another.
mutualism: benefits both species
parasitism: benefits one species at the expense of another

Front 20

describe the diff. between ecto and endoparasites

Back 20

ectoparasites feed on exterior surface of organism host. endoparasites feed inside host.

Front 21

how can predation and parasitism reduce competition?

Back 21

parasites can affect sympatric species differently, changing the outcome of interspecific interactions

Front 22

what are keystone species?

Back 22

species who have a strong effect on communities

Front 23

what is the diff. between primary and secondary succession?

Back 23

primary: occurs on bare, lifeless substrate. Secondary: occurs in areas where existing community has been disturbed but organisms still remain

Front 24

define tolerance

Back 24

when early successional species are characterized by r-selected species tolerant of harsh conditions

Front 25

define facilitation

Back 25

when early successional species introduce local changes in the habitat and k-selected species take over

Front 26

define inhibition

Back 26

change in the habitat caused by one species inhibits the growth of the original species

Front 27

give 3 reasons why communities are changing

Back 27

climatic changes
species invasion
disturbance events

Front 28

define the intermediate disturbance hypothesis and its results

Back 28

communities experiencing moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher levels of species richness. patches of habitat will exist at different stages. this may prevent communities from reaching final stages of succession