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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogens in a water molecule are held together by what?
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covalent bonds
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Extra_______ make the radioactive isotope carbon-14 unstable.
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neutrons
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These subatomic particles are found outside the nucleus of atoms.
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electrons
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The______of a solution indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions present.
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pH
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An isomer______________.
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is a moleule that has the same molecular formula, but a different structure.
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All cells on earth.....
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1)are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions different from the surroundings.
2)have DNA as a genetic material. 3)have cytoplasm |
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The compound light microscope with a lens of 10x and adjusted such tha the 40x objective is being used wold have total magnification of:
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400x
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The fundamental unit of life is the_____.
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cell
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A_____________includes all organisms f a single species found in an ecosystem.
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poulation
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Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than_____ cells.
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eukaryotic
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__________are a diverse group of macro molecules that have one main property in common; they are all relatively hydrophobic.
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lipids
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Nuclear pores control the movement of things across the________
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nuclear envelope
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Plant and animal cells have many things in common, but plant cells have some structures that animal cells do not have . these include the cell_____ and the _________.
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cell wall and central vacuole
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DNA is a polymer made up of_____________monomers.
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nucleotide
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Polypeptides are polymers made up of __________monomer
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amino acid
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Multicellular organisms, in which each cell performs a specific function, can be made up of either _____ cells or _____ cells.
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eukaryotic, prokaryotic
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The __________is involved in giving the cell structure and involved in movement.
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cytoskeleton.
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Store water and wastes
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Central Vacuole
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function of Photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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function of Protein synthesis
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ribosome
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function of breaking down food particles and damaged organelles.
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lysosome
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function of modifying, sorting and shipping proteins
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golgi aparatus
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What journey does the protein go on through the endomembrane system, from synthesis to secretion.
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1)The polypeptide is synthesisedby a bound ribosome, it is threaded into the cavity of the rough E.R. through a pore formed by a protein complex. the new protein folds into a 3 dimensional shape.
2)short chains of sugars are linked to the polypeptide, making the molecule of glycoprotein. 3)When the molecul is ready for export from the ER, it is packaged n a transport vesicle, a vesicle that is in transit from ne part of the cell to another. 4)The vesicle buds off from the ER membrane. The proteinnow travels to the Golgi aparatus for further processing. |
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HYROXYL GROUP
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--OH
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CARBONYL GROUP
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-
C==O - |
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CARBOXYL GROUP
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--COOH
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AMINO GROUP
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--NH 2
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PHOSPHATE GROUP
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--OPO 3^2
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METHYL GROUP
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--CH 3
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what type of reactions link monomers to polymers?
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dehydration
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what type of reactions break polymers into monomers?
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hydrolysis
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List the names of specific groups of kingdoms?
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Name he 3 kingoms that are multicellular and defne what makes them different from each other?
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Kingdom Plantae- consists of plants, make their own food thru photosynthesisand have rigid cell walls made of cellulose.
Kindom Fungi which includes molds yeasts, and mushrooms are decomposers. They break down the dead organism and organic wastes and absorb the nutrients into our their own cells. Kingdom Animalia which obtain their food thru ingestion and their cells lack rigid cell walls. |
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What are the levels of a proteins shape?
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The primary structure, secondary structure, tertiery structure, quaternary structure.
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a unique sequence of amino acids
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primary structure
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the polypeptide coils or folds.The chain results into an alpha helix.The polypeptide structure is held together by hydrogen bonds.
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secondary structure
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3 dimensional shape of the polypeptide
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tertiary structure
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four identicle polypeptide units
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quaternary structure
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What subatomic particle plays the primary role in determining what type of bonds an atom takes part in?
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Electrons
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Name two types of chemical bonds and explain why atoms participate in these bonds.
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Ionic bonds are a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. EX: NaCl....sodium atom and a chloride atom
Covalent bond is an attraction between atomshat share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons; symbolised by a single line between the atoms. EX: hydrogen 2 or oxyen 2 |
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How does water help to regulate temperature?
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By evaporative cooling. When a substance evaporates, th surface of the liquid remaining behind cools down as the molecules with the greatest energy leave.
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What types of bonds hold the two strands of DNA double helix together?
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hydrogen bonds
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What are the four groups of macromolecules?
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Carbohydrate, lipids, proeins and nucleic acids.
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What are the levels of a proteins shape?
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The primary structure, secondary structure, tertiery structure, quaternary structure.
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a unique sequence of amino acids
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primary structure
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the polypeptide coils or folds.The chain results into an alpha helix.The polypeptide structure is held together by hydrogen bonds.
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secondary structure
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3 dimensional shape of the polypeptide
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tertiary structure
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four identicle polypeptide units
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quaternary structure
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What subatomic particle plays the primary role in determining what type of bonds an atom takes part in?
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Electrons
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Name two types of chemical bonds and explain why atoms participate in these bonds.
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Ionic bonds are a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. EX: NaCl....sodium atom and a chloride atom
Covalent bond is an attraction between atomshat share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons; symbolised by a single line between the atoms. EX: hydrogen 2 or oxyen 2 |
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How does water help to regulate temperature?
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By evaporative cooling. When a substance evaporates, th surface of the liquid remaining behind cools down as the molecules with the greatest energy leave.
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What types of bonds hold the two strands of DNA double helix together?
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hydrogen bonds
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What are the four groups of macromolecules?
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Carbohydrate, lipids, proeins and nucleic acids.
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What are the levels of a proteins shape?
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The primary structure, secondary structure, tertiery structure, quaternary structure.
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a unique sequence of amino acids
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primary structure
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the polypeptide coils or folds.The chain results into an alpha helix.The polypeptide structure is held together by hydrogen bonds.
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secondary structure
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3 dimensional shape of the polypeptide
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tertiary structure
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four identicle polypeptide units
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quaternary structure
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What subatomic particle plays the primary role in determining what type of bonds an atom takes part in?
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Electrons
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Name two types of chemical bonds and explain why atoms participate in these bonds.
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Ionic bonds are a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. EX: NaCl....sodium atom and a chloride atom
Covalent bond is an attraction between atomshat share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons; symbolised by a single line between the atoms. EX: hydrogen 2 or oxyen 2 |
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How does water help to regulate temperature?
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By evaporative cooling. When a substance evaporates, th surface of the liquid remaining behind cools down as the molecules with the greatest energy leave.
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What types of bonds hold the two strands of DNA double helix together?
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hydrogen bonds
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What are the four groups of macromolecules?
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Carbohydrate, lipids, proeins and nucleic acids.
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Amino group is what macromolecule
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proteins
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phosphate group is what macromolecule
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nucleic acids which make of dna
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carboxyl group is what macromolecule
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Lipids
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carbonyl group is what macromolecule
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carbohydrates of monossaccharides which makes sugars
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hydroxyl group is what macromolecule
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carbohydrates of monossaccharide
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The movement of a solute from low concentration to high concentration is..
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facilitated diffusion
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Enzymes can be inactivated by high temperatures because
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proteins become denatured
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The second law of thermodynamics states that
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the entropy disorder of the universe decreases
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What determines th nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesysised strand during DNA replication?
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the nucleotide sequence of the tmplate strand
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The cell cycle is composed of several stages. The proper order of those stages is:
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G1, S, G2---> mitosis
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Mitosis results in
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two identicle daughter cells
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The enzyme that is responsible for transcription is
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RNA polymerase
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Energy coupling describes the ability of living organisms to drive___________reactions with the energy released by _____________
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endergonic, exergonic
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A_____________ inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme slowing down the rate of the reaction.
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competetive
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RNA is a polymer made of monomers called________
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nucleotides
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The formaion of an mRNA molecule, complementary to the DNA template is carried out by the enzyme__________
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RNA polymerase
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At one end of the tRNA molecules is an ____________that binds to the complementary codon in the mRNA.
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anticodon
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During DNA replication, mistakes are sometimes mde resulting in changes in the nucleotide sequence. These mistakes are called.....
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mutations
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During interphase, DNA exists in a loosely packaged form called___________
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chromatine
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The identicle copies of a duplicated chromosome are described as
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sister chromatid
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All molecules tha cross the cell membrane require the help of _______proteins to do so.
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transport
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Enzymes catalyse a specific chemical reaction by _______ the activation energy needed to start the reaction
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reducing
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ATP serves a an important role in the cell, providing energy needed to drive_________reactons.
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exergonic
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Transcripion begins at a special DNA sequence called a _______ and ends at the ______sequence.
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promoter;terminator
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In plant cells_________involves the formation of the cell plate.
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cytokinesis
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chromosomes are lined up along the equator of the cell.
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metaphase
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nuclear envelope forms; chromosomes start to uncoil.
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prophase
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chromosomes condense into visible forms; mitotic spindle begins to form.
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telophase
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Sister chromatids break apart, and daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles.
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anaphase
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The plasma membrane is made up of two components.
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The plasma membrane is made up of diverse proteins and phospholipids.
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Describe faciltated diffusion?
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The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient.
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What happens to an animal and plant cell in an isotonic solution?
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animal cell--the cell gains water at the same rate that it looses it. remaining constant.
plant cell when immersed in this solution becomes flacid or limp |
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in an hypotonic solution?
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animal cell--when put in a solution that has a concentration lower than that of the cell. The cell may burst or lyse like an over filled balloon.
plant cell--a healthy state for plants this solution makes the plant turgid. The cell wall expands but the pressure it exerts helps prevent the cell from taking in too much water. |
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in a hypertonic solution?
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animal cell-with a soluton of a higher concentraton the cell can shrivel and die from water loss.
plant cella plant cell is no better than an animal cell. It shrivels as well and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell membrane. |
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Describe how ATP can be earned?
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This begins with reactants whose covalent bonds contain more energy than those in the products.The reaction releases to the surroundings an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products.
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What is three ways that ATP can be spent by the cell?
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1)Endergonic reactions is where an energy requiring reaction yeilds more products with potential energy than the reactants. The amount of enerygy stored in the product equals the difference between the ptential energy in the reactants and that in their products.
2)Constant movement can wear out the cell. 3)The process of ATP. |
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Differences in DNA and RNA?
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In its nitrogenous bases
-ATCG -UAGC In its sugars -Deoxyribonucleic -ribosomes |
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Describe Hershy and Chases experiment that DNA is a genetic material.
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1)They mixed radioactive phages with bacteria. The phages infect the bacterial cells.
2)Agitated it in a blender to separate the phages outside the bacteria from the cells and their contents. 3)Centrifuged the ixture so bacteria frm a pellet at the bottom of the test tube. 4)measured the radioactivity in the pellet and the liquid. 5)This showed that the phage attached to the bacteria cell, injected its DNA The phage DNA directs host cell to make more phage protein parts. New phags assemble. Then the cell lyses and releases new phages. This indicated that the DNA left were blue prints for maing new phages provig that DNA is a genetic material. |
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Name the three repeating steps that occur during the elongation phase of translation.
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Codon recognition-the anti codon of an incoming tRNA molecule,carrying its amino acid, pairs wth the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome.
Peptide bond formation-the polypeptide seperates from the tRNA to which it was bound (P site) and attaches by a peptide bond to the amino acid carried by the tRNA in the A site. The ribosome catalyses formation of the bond. Thus, one more aino acid is added to the chain. Translocation- Th P site to the tRNA leaves the ribsome and the ribosome moves th tRNA in the A site, with is attached polypeptide, to the P site. The codon and anticodon remain bonded, and the mRNA and tRNA move as a unit. brings it back to the A site and then the next mRNA codon to be translated. |
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Why wouldnt a cell export a substance by exocytosis rather than just using a transport protein?
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Because exocytosis exports bulky materials such as proteins and polysaccharrides frm within the cell. If a transport protein were to export it woud need a gradient on either side for it to move the those materials downward.
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determine the sequence..
CTTCCCTTG. |
CTTCCCTTG
GAAGGGAAC |
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meiosis is a special type of cell division which results in:
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four haploid cells
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Genetic recombination is essential to meiosis and
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occurs during the prophase of meiosis 1
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Meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis in that
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the sister chromatids seperate during anaphase.
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A plant with purple flwers is allowed to self pollinate. Generation after generation, it produces purple flowers. This is an example of...
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true-breeding
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What is three ways that ATP can be spent by the cell?
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1)Endergonic reactions is where an energy requiring reaction yeilds more products with potential energy than the reactants. The amount of enerygy stored in the product equals the difference between the ptential energy in the reactants and that in their products.
2)Constant movement can wear out the cell. 3)The process of ATP. |
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Differences in DNA and RNA?
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In its nitrogenous bases
-ATCG -UAGC In its sugars -Deoxyribonucleic -ribosomes |
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Describe Hershy and Chases experiment that DNA is a genetic material.
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1)They mixed radioactive phages with bacteria. The phages infect the bacterial cells.
2)Agitated it in a blender to separate the phages outside the bacteria from the cells and their contents. 3)Centrifuged the ixture so bacteria frm a pellet at the bottom of the test tube. 4)measured the radioactivity in the pellet and the liquid. 5)This showed that the phage attached to the bacteria cell, injected its DNA The phage DNA directs host cell to make more phage protein parts. New phags assemble. Then the cell lyses and releases new phages. This indicated that the DNA left were blue prints for maing new phages provig that DNA is a genetic material. |
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Name the three repeating steps that occur during the elongation phase of translation.
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Codon recognition-the anti codon of an incoming tRNA molecule,carrying its amino acid, pairs wth the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome.
Peptide bond formation-the polypeptide seperates from the tRNA to which it was bound (P site) and attaches by a peptide bond to the amino acid carried by the tRNA in the A site. The ribosome catalyses formation of the bond. Thus, one more aino acid is added to the chain. Translocation- Th P site to the tRNA leaves the ribsome and the ribosome moves th tRNA in the A site, with is attached polypeptide, to the P site. The codon and anticodon remain bonded, and the mRNA and tRNA move as a unit. brings it back to the A site and then the next mRNA codon to be translated. |
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Why wouldnt a cell export a substance by exocytosis rather than just using a transport protein?
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Because exocytosis exports bulky materials such as proteins and polysaccharrides frm within the cell. If a transport protein were to export it woud need a gradient on either side for it to move the those materials downward.
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determine the sequence..
CTTCCCTTG. |
CTTCCCTTG
GAAGGGAAC |
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meiosis is a special type of cell division which results in:
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four haploid cells
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Genetic recombination is essential to meiosis and
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occurs during the prophase of meiosis 1
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Meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis in that
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the sister chromatids seperate during anaphase.
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A plant with purple flwers is allowed to self pollinate. Generation after generation, it produces purple flowers. This is an example of...
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true-breeding
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Two plants are crossed resulting in an offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a peticular trait. This suggests
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That the parents were both heterozyous
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A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, on for the head shape (H) and one for the tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt.what could be a possible gamete?
T? tt? Hh? HhTt? HT? |
HT
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The reason that linked genes are inherited together is that
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they are located on the same chromosome.
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The liver cells of an animal have 24 chromosomes, how many chromosome do its sperm cells have?
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12
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eVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION INCLUDES
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Fossil evidence, comparative anatomy, DNA sequence analysis
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A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance
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genetic drift
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Ro shaped bacteria are described as
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bacilli
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what dominates the worlds land areas today?
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angiosperms
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The male gametophyte of an angiosperm is ........
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the pollen grain
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New combinations of linked genes can be created during meiosis through a roces called
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crossing over
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found near the tips of stems and roots
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apical meristems
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a thick walled cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the plant body.
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vascular tissue
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cell walls of some plant tissue are thickened by
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lignen
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mosses and ferns produce gametes in male and female
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gametangia
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sperm producing cells in plants are
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pollen grains
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dependant embryo basis for desinating plants.
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embryophyte
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lack true roots and leaves
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bryophytes
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seeds not produced in specialized chambers....
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gymnosperms
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flowering plants
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angiosperms
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Lycophytes:
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club mosses
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Four key adaptations for life on land
distinguish the main lineages of the plant kingdom |
Dependent embryos: all plants
–Lignified vascular tissues: all vascular plants –Seeds: gymnosperms and angiosperms –Flowers:mark the angiosperm lineage |
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Haploid _________________produces eggs
and sperm by mitosis |
gametophyte
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Fertilization results in a
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diploid zygote
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Zygote develops into the diploid
_____________, which produces haploid spores by meiosis |
sporophyte
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______ grow into gametophytes
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spores
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Describe the life cycle of bryophytes(mosses, liverworts, and hornworts)
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1. Haploid gametes develop in
mitosis 2. After fertilization, diploid zygote remains in the gametophyte 3. Mitosis produces a smaller sporophyte, which remains attached to the gametophyte 4. Meiosis in sporangia produces haploid spores, which are released from sporangium 5. Spores undergo mitosis and develop into gametophytes gametophytes |
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Describe the life cycle of lycophytes (seedless vascular plants)
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1. Small haploid gametophyte produces sperm
that swim to the egg 2. Zygote remains on the gametophyte 3. Zygote undergoes mitosis and develops into independent diploid sporophyte 4. Meiosis in sporangia produces haploid spores 5. Spores are released and develop into gametophytes by mitosis |
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Describe the cycle of gymnosperms (cone bearing trees;conifers)
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1. Small haploid gametophyte produces sperm
that swim to the egg 2. Zygote remains on the gametophyte 3. Zygote undergoes mitosis and develops into independent diploid sporophyte 4. Meiosis in sporangia produces haploid spores 5. Spores are released and develop into gametophytes by mitosis |
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Describe the cycle of angiosperms
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. Meiosis and mitosis in anther result in male gametophytes (pollen grains) 2. Meiosis and mitosis in ovule lead to female gametophytes, one of which becomes an egg. 3. A tube grows from pollen grain, carries sperm to egg in ovule 4. Zygote forms 5. A seed develops from each ovule 6. Ovarys wall thickens, forming fruit 7. Seed germinates, embryo grows and develops into mature sporophyte |
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In detail describe how fungi get their nutrition.
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Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest
their food externally and absorb the nutrients –Like animals, must obtain organic molecules from other organisms |
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What are mycorrhizae?
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are mutually beneficial
associations of plant roots and fungi –The fungi help plants obtain nutrients and water and protect plant roots from parasites –Sugars produced by the plant nourish the fungi |
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Describe the general life cycle of a fungus
|
• Many fungal species can reproduce sexually or
asexually • Many sexually reproducing fungi have a heterokaryotic phase – Fusion of haploid hyphae produces cells containing nuclei from two parents – After varying lengths of time, parent nuclei fuse and form short-lived diploid phase – Haploid spores are produced by meiosis in specialized structure |
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describe life cycle of a club fungus (has 5 stages)
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1. A heterokaryotic mycelium forms by fusion
of two different mating types 2. A mushroom develops and grows 3. Specialized cells from the gills contain the diploid nuclei from nuclei fusion 4. Haploid spores are formed by meiosis and then released 5. Germination takes place, and a haploid mycelium grows |
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describe the differences between the 5 categories of fungi
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chrytrids-flagellated spores-
zygomycetes-haploid spores form by meiosis glomeromycetes-hyphae that invade plant roots ascomycetes-sak like structures called asci basidiomycetes-mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi |
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Name two fungal parasites that infect plants.
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changed landscapes:dutch elm disease agricultural pests:corn smut, ergot
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Name two fungal parasites that infect plants.
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athletes foot, and ring worm
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What are lichens composed of?
|
consist of fungi living mutualistically with
photosynthetic organisms |
