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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an allele? |
Different form of the same gene. |
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How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human body? |
23 pairs |
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What length is there of chromosones? |
3 meters. |
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What are the chromosones from your dad called? |
Paternal. |
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What are the chromosomes from you mum called? |
Maternal. |
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How do chromosomes fit in a small space? |
They super coil. |
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What is a recessive gene? |
A gene that's not expressed. |
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What is a dominant gene? |
A gene that gets expressed. |
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What is the first step of ginetic engineering? |
Cut out the wanted human gene using an enzyme. |
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What is the second step of ginetic engineering? |
Take a plasmid out of the bacteria and cut it using an enzyme. |
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What is the third step of ginetic engineering? |
Use an enzyme to join the human gene to the plasmid. |
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What is the fourth step of ginetic engineering? |
Put the plasmid back into the bacteria. |
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What is the result of ginetic engineering? |
The bacteria will reproduce the plasmid quickly. |
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What is ginetic engineering used for? |
It is used to make insulin and growth hormones. |
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What is selective breeding? |
When humans breed certain animal together with favourable characteristics. |
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What is biotechnology? |
When we use living organisms to make something. |
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State what is meant by an allele |
Two genes the same type but different forms. |
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State what is meant by a dominant allele |
The allele who's characteristics are expressed . |
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State what is meant by a recessive allele |
A gene that isn't expressed. |
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How many parents are needed for cloning? |
1 |
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What is the parent called when cloning? |
DNA doner |
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How do you clone? |
One parent is needed - DNA doner From another organism 1 egg - take nucleus out. |
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What are enzymes made of? |
Protein. |
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What do enzymes do? |
Speed up rate of reactions. |
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What do enzymes do when they are too hot or too cold or the wrong pH? |
They break - denature |
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Enzymes usually end in what? |
ase |
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Do enzymes run out? |
No |
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One symptom of cystic fibrosis |
Your body makes too much mucus |
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What is an antigen? |
How white blood cells can tell if it's the same or not. It is a marker. It is on the membrane of all cells. It's made of protein. |
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What is an antibody? |
A weapon the white blood cells creat to kill a pathogen. |
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What is a antitoxin? |
A toxin the white blood cells make to get rid of the toxin the pathogen made. |
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We hat is a pathogen? |
It is a virus!!!! |
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What form is the pathogen in vaccinations? |
Dead or weak |
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How do white blood cells kill pathogens? |
They recognise it is a pathogen because of the antigen on it's membrane. It won't be the same as the bloods antigen! The white blood cells will engulf the pathogen. The pathogen will make a toxin to release the virus and the white blood cells will make an antitoxin to get rid of it. The white blood cells will then create antibodies to kill the pathogen. They will then make a memory cell to remember how to kill it. |
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What are antibiotics? |
A chemical used to kill particular bacteria. |
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How do antibiotics kill bacteria? |
It splits open the glycocalyx, cell wall and membrane which causes the insides to come out and the cell won't work. This leaves a dead cell. |
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What is the zone of inhibition? |
The area around antibiotics of dead cells. |
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State the method of getting immunity to a disease |
Vaccination |
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Suggest 2 reasons why people worry about having a vaccination |
They think they could get the disease Side effects |
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What is DNA? |
A strand of genetic material. |
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What is a gene? |
A short length of DNA that cides for a characteristic . |
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What is a chromosome? |
A long length of DNA coiled up. |
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What is kept in the nucleus? |
Genetic material. |
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What is selective breeding? |
The breeding of organisms so that more offspring have the desired characteristic. |
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What is genetic engineering? |
The process of changing a gene in an organism to give it a desired characteristic. |
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What is cloning? |
The process of producing organisms that are genetically identical to each other. |
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What is biotechnology? |
The use of biological processes or organisms to make useful products. |
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What is a syringe used for? |
Inject vaccines. |
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What is a petri dish used for? |
Growing bacteria. |
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What is a microscope used for? |
Observe bacteria. |
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What is a thermometer used for? |
Measuring temperatures. |
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What is a vaccine? |
An injection to stop you getting a disease. |
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What are antibiotics? |
A medicine that kills bacteria. |
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What is MMR? |
A vaccine for measles, mumps and rubella. |
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What is a white blood cell? |
Naturally fights bacteria in your body. |
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What did Edward Jenner discover? |
Vaccinations. |
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What did Alexander Fleming discover? |
Penicillin and antibiotics. |
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What did Rosalind Franklin discover? |
The structure of DNA. |
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What did Charles Darwin discover? |
Evelution by natural selection. |
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Name the type of organism that superbugs are |
Bacteria |
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What does MRSA stand for? |
Methicillin Resistant Staphlococcus Aureus |
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Why are superbugs not killed by antibiotics? |
They are resistant |
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State an example of a superbug |
MRSA |
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Describe ways we can stop superbugs spreading |
Hand washing Sterile equipment Deep cleaning |
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Describe the shape of a DNA molecule |
Double helix |
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Describe where most DNA is found in the cell |
The nucleus |
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What is an ulnar loop? |
A loop that comes from the pinky side of the hand |
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What is a whorl? |
A spiral pattern. |
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What is a radial loop? |
A loop that comes from the thumb side of the hand. |
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What is an arch? |
Most simple finger print, no loop patterns. |
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What is a double loop? |
Two loops going in two directions, but is actually a type of whorl. |
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What different blood groups are there? |
A B AB O There's positives and negatives of these. |
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Blood group A antigen present |
A |
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Blood group A antibody present |
Anti B |
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Blood group A can receive blood from |
A + O |
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Blood group B antigen present |
B |
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Blood group B antibody present |
Anti A |
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Blood group B can receive from |
B + O |
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Blood group AB antigen present |
A + B |
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Blood group AB antibody present |
None |
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Blood group AB can receive blood from |
A + B + AB + O |
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Blood group O antigen present |
None |
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Blood group O antibody present |
Anti A + Anti B |
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Blood group O can receive |
O |
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Blood group O is known as |
Universal doner |
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What do you receive when you receive blood |
The red blood cells. Not the plasma. |
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How do you test blood? |
You put drops of blood and mix with Anti A and on another Anti B. If matching antibodies and antigens meet they will clump - aggultinate. |
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What do pathologists do? |
They work out time of death and cause of death. They also help identify bodies. |
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What is post mortem/autopsy |
Examining dead bodies |
