Biology

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Genetics

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the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

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Cells

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the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, which is typically microscopic and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

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Prokaryotes

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a microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

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Eukaryote

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an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaea.

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Organelles

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any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

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Mutation

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the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form which may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

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Amino Acid

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a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.

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Protein

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any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds which have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.

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Genes

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(in informal use) a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring."playing tennis is in my genes"(in technical use) a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize.

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Chromosomes

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a thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

the fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something, especially when regarded as unchangeable.

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Haploid

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(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

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Diploid

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(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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Traits

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a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

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Dominant Genes

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Dominant genes are a result of dominant alleles in chromosomes. When an allele is dominant it is expressed in the phenotype over a recessive allele. The phenotype is what chromosome is present in the organism. ... If they inherited only recessive genes for some trait, that is the trait that is displayed.

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Recessive Genes

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A recessive gene is a gene that can be masked by a dominant gene. In order to have a trait that is expressed by a recessive gene, such as blue eyes, you must get the gene for blue eyes from both of your parents. You might remember the word recessive from biology, where it most often appears.

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Alleles

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each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

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Phenotype

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the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

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Genotype

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the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

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Homozygous

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Alternative forms of a given gene are called alleles, and they can be dominant or recessive. When an individual has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive, they are homozygous. Heterozygous means having one each of two different alleles.May 26, 2015

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Heterozygous

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The genetics term heterozygous refers to a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive — they're different. Like all words with the prefix hetero, this has to do with things that are different — specifically genes. ... Definitions of heterozygous. adj having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci.

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Mitosis

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a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

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Autosome

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any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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Meiosis

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a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

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Gametes

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a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.