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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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animal behavior
3.1 |
What an animal does as it interacts with its environment.
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immediate cause
3.1 |
Answers "how". Explanation in terms of organisms immediate interactions with the environment. i.e., how wasp locates its nest.
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ultimate cause
3.1 |
Answers the "why". Explanation based on organisms's evolutionary adaptations. How did behavior arise, What is the function and how does it help it to reproduce.
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Describe examples of studying behavior through observations and experiments.
3.1 |
Dr. Goodall studied chimps in the wild and made detailed observations which let her make hypothesis. Tinbergen studied wasps and how they found their nests.
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What is the difference between immediate and ultimate causes of behavior?
3.1 |
Immedite is when you touch a hot plate, your arm quickly pulls away. The "why" Ultimate is that natural selection favored the response which minimizes damage.
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innate behavior
3.2 |
A behavior that is performed correctly by all individuals of a species, even if they have no previous experience. I.e., wasp finding nest.
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fixed action pattern
3.2 |
Behanior that occurs as an unchangeable sequence of actions. Like a goose's egg-retrieving response. Once an animal starts a FAP it usually completes it no matter what happens along the way.
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circadian rhythm
3.2 |
The ability to keep a daily rhythm of 24 hours without environmental cues. Biological clock.
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learning
3.3 |
A change in an animals behvior resulting from experince.
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habituation
3.3 |
A form of learning where an animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus that isn't important. i.e., you stop paying attention to ticking clock.
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imprinting
3.3 |
Learning that is limited to a specific time period and is usually irriversable. I.e, geese that followed Konrad Lorenz after being with her for 2 days after hatching.
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conditioning
3.3 |
Learning that a particular stimulus or response is linked to a reward or punishment. Cat thinks of can opener time as meal time.
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insight
3.3 |
A level above operant conditioning. The ability to respond appropriately to a new situation without previous experience. Also called innovation. Applying past experience to new situation.
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operant conditioning
3.3 |
More common in nature. Trial-an error learning. Animal learns to associate its on behaviors with positive or negative effect. Then tends to repeat the response. Certain prey mean pain.
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classical conditioning
3.3 |
Learning when an otherwise meaningless stimulus is associated with a reward or punishmet. Animal learns to respond to a bell and salivates.
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How does insidght differ from operant conditioning?
3.3 |
Insight applies past experiences that aren't the same to make a choice and operant conditioning applies trial-and-error experience to the same or similar situations.
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Play behavior
3.3 |
Animals engage in seemingly pointless behavior when they are young, like play biting and wrestling.
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Two possible explanations for play behavior.
3.3 |
1. Type of learning that allows animals to practice behaviors necessary to survival.
2. Exercise hypothesis that play is an adaptation that keeps the animals muscles and cardiovascular system tuned. |
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aggressive behavior
3.4 |
Actual physical struggles or threatening behaviors between animals. Tests of strength or displays to show size, strength or more determination.
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dominance hierarchy
3.4 |
The ranking of individuals that are the results of aggressive tests. Once set, the animals don't have to fight any more.
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territory & territorial behavior
3.4 |
An area that individuals defind from which other members of the same species are usually excluded.
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courtship ritual
3.4 |
Animals perform elaborate behaviors before mating. Like the peacock showing his feathers.
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communication
3.4 |
Forms of signaliing like the peacock.
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cooperation
3.4 |
Individuals work together in a way that is beneficial to the group. Like a pack of wolves killing a larger prey by working together.
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Identify examples of competitive behaviors.
3.4 |
Aggressive behaviors like fights, the establishment of a pecking order or dominance hierchy and territoral behavior that keep other animals of the same species out of an area.
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Explain the significance of courtship rituals.
3.4 |
They confirm they are the same species, of the opposite sex, are ready to mate and aren't a threat. They also show health and ability to produce good babies.
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Relate communication to other social behaviors.
3.4 |
Social behaviors depend on some form of signaling or communication using smell, sounds, visual displays and touches.
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Give an example of cooperation in an animal species.
3.4 |
A pack of wolves capturing a much larger prey animal like a moose. Or a group of moose circling to protect the young.
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How does aggressive behavior relate to dominance hierarchies?
3.4 |
Agressive behavior is a way to set the pecking order in a dominance hierarchy. It allows the group to pick the strongest and most agressive leader.
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What is the importance of the tail display of a barn swallow?
3.4 |
In theory, the larger tails mean that they are healthy and will produce better offspring.
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What is the importance of communication in social behavior?
3.4 |
It allows animals to communicate in order to survive and reproduce.
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