Biology

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free, livingsexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.

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Larvva

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transformation of larva into adults; arthropods go from larva, topupa, to adult

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Metamorphosis

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animal that has no backbone

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Invertebrate

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a chordate animal with a backbone. Includes lampreys, chondricthyans, ray finned fishes, lobe-fin fishes, amphibians, retiles (birds), and mammals.

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Vertebrate

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an arrangements of body parts such that an organism can be divided equally by a single cut passing longitudinally through it.

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Bilateral Symmetry

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an arrangement of body parts of an organism like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis. Any line going through the central axis divides into 2-halfs

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Radial Symmetry

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a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

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Coelom

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a body cavity that is in direct contract with the wall of the digestive tract; nematods have a pseudocoelom but no coelom because there is no muscle around the gut

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Pseudocelom

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the concentration of a nervous system at the anterior (head) end

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Cephalization

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complete gut; has two openings; has mouth and an anus

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2-ended Gut

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has one opening; food enters and leaves through the same opening

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Sac-like Gut

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subdivision along the length of an animal body into a series of repeated parts called segments; annelids, such as earthworms and leeches have segments; earthworms have more then 100 segments

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Segmentation

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ciliated cells; a type of feeding cell in porifera (sponges); the equivalent of human lungs

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Chanoanocyte

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crawling cells; type of cell in most animals; macrophages

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Amoeboyte

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stinging cells on the tentacles of cnidaria; nematocysts are the harpoons inside each cell

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Cnidocyte(Nematocyst)

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Columnar

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epithelium made up of cellls that are taller than they are wide and that form a single layer
--lines the intestine
--pseudostratified ciliated columnar lines the respiratory tract

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Startified

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epithelium made up of a series of layers
--the cells of each varying in size and shape
--lines the esophagus

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Loose-Connective Tissue

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most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate bodt
--binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material, holding organs in place

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Adipose Connective Tissue

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cells contain fat
--what fate is made of

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Fibrous Connective Tissue

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a dense tissue with lareg numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles
--this is the dominant tissuer in tendons and ligaments
--form tendons

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Cartilaginous Connective Tissue

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forms a strong, but flexible skeletal material, consists of an abundance of collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery material
--found at the end on bones

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Skeletal Muscle Tissue

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striated muscle attached to the skeleton
--contraction produces vlountary movements of the body

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

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striated muscle that forms the contractile tissue of the heart

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Smooth Muscle Tissue

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muscle made up of cells without striations, found in the walls of organs such as the digestive tract, urinary bladder and arteries

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Interface

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huge area where materials or information is inputed or outputed

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cnidaria that are shaped like vases

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Polyp

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cnidaria that are shaped like umbrellas

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Medusa

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a type of platyhelminthes; on of a group of non-parasitic flatworms

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Free-living Flatworm

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one of a group of parasitic flatworms

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Fluke

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a type of platyhelminthes; a parasitic flatworm charaterized by the absence of a digestive tract

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Tapeworms

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a type of parasitic nematode

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Trichinosis

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a structure in invertebrates that is used for locomotion or attrachment; used for gripping in a snail or claim; the tentacles and suckers of an octopus

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Foot

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the outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal; produces shell (made of calcium carbonate) and forms mantle cavity; the thick fold of tissue; grows like fingernails

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Mantle

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toothed, rasping tongue found in mollusks; used for scrapping up or shredding food

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Radula

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a member of a the largest group of mollusks including snails and slugs

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Gastropod

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a member of a group of mollusks that includes clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters

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Bivalve

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a member of a group of mollusks that includes squids and octopuses

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Cephalopod

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system in which blood is pumped through open- ended vessels and baths the tissues and organs directly. In an amimal with an open-CS, blood and interstitial fluid are one in the same

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Open-Circulatory System

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system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid

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Closed-Circulatory System

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a type of annelid; has more then 100 segments; is a hermaphrodite

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earthworm

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a member of the largest group of annelids; is a segmented worm

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Polychaete

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a member of one of the three large groups of annelids; a hermaphrodite

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Leech

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a pouch- like organ in a digestive tract where food is softened and may e stored temporarily

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Crop

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pouch-like organ in a digestive tract where food is mechanically ground

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Gizzard

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like armor for arthropods like insects, and crustaceans; protects animal and provides points of attachment for muscles

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Exoskeleton

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Interstitial Fluid

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an aqueous solution that surrounds body cells and through which materials pass back and forth between the blood and the body tissues

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Homeostasis

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the steady state of body functioning
--a state of equilibrium characterized by a dynamic interplay between outside forces that tend to change an organisms internal environment and the internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes

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Negative Feedback

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a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that change

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Sensor

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any device that recives a signal or stimulus and responds to it in a distinctive manner
**sense organs, nose, eye

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Effector

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a cell capable of carrying out some action in response to a command from the nervous system

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Gills

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an extension of the body surface of a aquatic animal, specialized for gas exchange and or suspension

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Lungs

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an infolded respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes

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Tracheae

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the windpipe
--the portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings and passes from the larynx to the two bronchii

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Countercurrent Flow

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two types of fluids with different concentrations of one or more dissolved substances flow in opposite directions past one another

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Operculum

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a protective flap on each side of a fish's head that covers a chamber housing the gills

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process of shedding an old exoskeleton or cuticle and screting a new larger one

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Molting

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hard skeleton with in the soft tissue of an animal; spicules of sponges; hard plates of echinoderms, cartilage and bone; skeletons of vertebrates

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Endoskeleton

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a bottom-dwelling marine chelicerate, a member of the phylum arthropoda

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Horseshoe Crad

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member of a major arthropod group that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites

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Arachnid

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member of a major arthropod group that includes lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, and barnacles

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Crustacean

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a terrestrial arthropod that has 2 pairs of short legs for each of its numerous body segments and that eats decaying plant matter

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Millipede

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a carnivorous terrestrial arthropod that has on pair of long legs for each of its numerous body segments, with the front pair modified as poison claws

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Centipede

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the hydraulic system in echinoderms

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Tube Feet

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member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protects the embryo. Amniotes include mammals, birds, and other retiles; watery inside and leathery covering outside

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Amniote Egg

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a flexible, cartilage- like longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present only in embryos in many species

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Notochord

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Spiracle

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external hole of the insect tracheal system

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Nasal Cavity

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either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx
--filters, warms and humidifies air while sampling for odors

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Pharynx

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where the paths for air and food cross

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Larynx

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the voice box, contains the vocal chords

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Trachea

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the windpipe
--portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings passes from the larynx to the two bronchii

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Bronchii

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forks of the trachea
--large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs that convey air to and from the lungs

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Bronchioles

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finer tubes, within the lung, of the bronchii

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Alveoli

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grape-like clusters of air sacs at the end of bronchioles

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Epiglottis

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a flap of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue

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Diaphram

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sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals
--its contraction expands the chest cavity and its relaxation reduces it

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Medulla

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the soft, marrow-like center of an organ
--such as the kidney or adrenal gland

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Air Sacs

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any of the air filled extensions of the breathing apparatus of many animals

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Hemoglobin

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an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds O2 and transports it to body tissues

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Artery

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a vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body

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Arteriole

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a vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed

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Capillary

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microscopic blood vessel that conveys blood between an arteriole and a venule
--enables the exchange of nutrients and dissolved gases between the blood and interstitial fluid

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Venule

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a vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein

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Pulmonary Circuit

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one of two main blood circuits in terrestrial vertebrates
--conveys blood between the heart and the lungs

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Systemic Circuit

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one of two main blood circuits in terrestrial vertebrates
--conveys blood between the heart and the rets of the body

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Fish Chambers and Loops

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2 Chambers
1 Loop

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blocks of muscle flanking the spine

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Myotomes

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one of a group of invertebrate chordates ; motile larva metamorphoses into seesile adult; adults are filter feeders; larva have all 5 chordate traits

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Tunicates

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one of a group of invertebrate chordates; motile as larva and adult; filter feeder; adult has all 5 chordate triats

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Lancelets

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a chordate animal with a backbone; includes lampreys, chondricthyans, ray-finned fishes, lobe-fin fishes, amphiboans, reptiles, and mammals; one of three subphyla's; has 5 classes

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Vertebrates

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a larva acquires adult gonads and becomes a new species; tunicate larva lancelet adults; juvenile chimp--human adult

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"Peter Pan" Theory

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tunicates (larva has all 5 chordate triats), lancelets (adults has all 5 chordate triats), vertebrates (backbone)

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Chordata

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skull, gill muscles, gill bones

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Agnathans

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hinged jaws, teeth, vertebrae, fins

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Placoderms

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fleshy fins, lungs

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Lobe-finned Fish

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first vertebrates to live on land, lungs, legs

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Amphibians

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Amphibians Chambers and Loops?

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3 Chambers
2 Loops

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Reptiles Chambers and Loops?

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3 Chambers plus a partial septum
2 Loops

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Birds and Mammals Chambers and Loops?

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4 Chambers
2 Loops

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Atrium

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Heart chamber that recives blood from the veins

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Ventricle

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heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart

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Aorta

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artery that conveys blood directly from the left ventricle of the heart to other arteries

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Systole

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contraction stage of the heart cycle, when the heart chamber actively pumps blood

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Diastole

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stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle relaxes, allowing chambers to fill with blood

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Sinatorial (Pacemaker) Node (SA Node)

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a specialized region of cardiac muscle in the right atrium that maitains the hearts pumping rhythm (heartbeat) by setting the rate at which the heart contracts

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Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

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region of specialized heart muscle tissue between the left and right atria where elctrical impulses are delayed for about .1 second before spreading to both ventricles and causing them to contract

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first vertebrates fully adapted to living on land, scaly skin, lungs, expandable rib cage, amniote egg, legs under body

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Reptiles

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warm-blooded, feathers, hollows bones

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Archaeoptery

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warm-blooded, feathers, hollows bones

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Modern Birds

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warm-blooded, hair/fur, mammary glands, parental care

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Mammals

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opposable thumb, stereoscopic vision, big brains

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Primates

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upright gait, tool use, intelligence

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Humans

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evolved from gill bones--eat kelp and clams- huge bodies

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Jaws

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scales

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Teeth

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evolved from lobe-finned fish(2pairs)

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Arms/Legs

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throat pouch (vascularized

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Lungs

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Hypertension

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abnormally high blood pressure
--a persistant blood pressure about 140/190

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Anemia

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condition in which an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells results in the body cells recieving too little oxygen

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Blood

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type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended

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Plasma

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liquid matrix of the blood in which blood cells are suspended

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Erthrocytes

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blood cell containing hemoglobin
--which transports O2
--red blood cells

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Leukocytes

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blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells
--white blood cells

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Platelets

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a pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of a bone marrow cell
--they circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting

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Erythropoetin (EPO)

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hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocytes
--it is secreted by the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen

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Serotonin

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causes blood vessel walls to contract

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Fibrinogen

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plasma protein that is activated to form a clot when a blood vessel is injured

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vasularized throat pouch

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Swim Bladder

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referring to animal that use heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature

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Endothermic

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a mammal or bird that has a body temerature that is constant and largely in dependent of the temperature of its surroundings (an endotherm)

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Homoeothermic

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organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on the body temperature; they get heat from an outside source

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Ectothermic

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egg laying mammal, such as the duck-billed platypus

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Monotremes

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give birth to embryonic offspring that complete development while housed in a pouch and attached to nipples on the mothers abdomen (kangaroos); young are born early

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Marsupials

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mammals whose young completely embryonic development in the uterus, nourished via the mothers blood vessels in the placenta (humans)

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Placentals

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a sheet of tighly packed cells lining organs, body cavities and external surfaces; also called epithelium

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Epitheliad Tissue

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tissue consisting long of a sparse population of cells held in an abundant extra-cellular matrix, which they produce

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Connective Tissue

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tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses; the most abunndant tissue in a typical animal

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Muscle Tissue

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tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells

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Nervous Tissue

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epithelium consisting of 1 or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of flat, scale like or plate like; lines the air sacs of lungs

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Squamous Epithelium

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epithelium made up of cells that look like cubes in a vertical section, but appear to be polyhedral when viewed on their surface; forms tubes in the kidneys

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Cuboidal

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Fibrin

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the activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of a blood clot

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Specific Immunity

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also called acquired immunity
--the kind of defense that is mediated by B lymphocytes (B cells)and T lympocytes (T cells)
--exhibits specificity, memory, and self-nonself recognition

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Nonspecific Immunity

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also called innate immunity
--the kind of immunity that is present in an animal before exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth
--innate immune defenses include barriers, phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, and the inflanmmatory response and natural kill cells

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Vaccination

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a procedure that presents the immune system with a harmless variant or dericatice of a pathogen, thereby stimulating the immune system to mount a long-term defense against the pathogen

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Bone Marrow

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the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones
--In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells

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Spleen

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an organ found in all vertebrate animals
--centers of activity of the reticuloendothelial system
--absebce leads to a predisposition to certain infections

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Thymus

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an organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the sternum
--main function of the thymus is to provide an area for T lymphocyte maturation
--also helps protect against autoimmunity

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Lymph Nodes

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an organ consisting of many types of cells and is a part of the lymphatic system
--foudn all through the body and act as filters or traps for foreign particles
--contain white blood cells

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Lymphatic Vessels

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thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph

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Antibody (immunoglobulin)

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a protein dissolved in blood plasma that attches to a specific kinf of antigen and helps counter in effects

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Antigen

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a foreign molecule that elicits acquired immune response

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V, J, D, &C

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alleles that are combinatorially shuffled to make variable parts of antibodies

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Humoral Response

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the type of specific immunity brought about by anti-body-producing B cells
--fights bacteria and viruses in body fluids

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Cell-Mediated Response

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The type of specific immunity brought about by T cells
--fights body cells infected with pathogens

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B Cells

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a type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies

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T Cell

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a type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and is responsible for the cell-mediated immune response

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Plasma

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an antibody-secreting B cell

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Memory Cell

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a clone of long-lived lymphocytes formed during the primary immune response

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Macrophage

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a large, amoebid, phagocytic white blood cell that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell