Biology

Front 1

Metabolic Rate

Back 1

Overall energy consumption by an individual. often measured in terms of oxygen consumption

Front 2

Basal Metabolic Rate

Back 2

Rate at which oxygen is consumed while at rest, with an empty stomach, under normal temperature and moisture conditions

Front 3

Homeostasis

Back 3

The relatively constant chemical and physical conditions in an animals cells, tissues, and organs

Front 4

Sensor

Back 4

A structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment

Front 5

Integrator

Back 5

A component that evaluates the incoming sensory information and 'decides' whether a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis.

Front 6

Effector

Back 6

Any structure that helps restore the desired internal condition

Front 7

Ectotherm

Back 7

Relies principally on heat gained from the environment

Front 8

Endotherm

Back 8

Produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues

Front 9

Homeotherm

Back 9

Keep body temperature constant

Front 10

Heterotherm

Back 10

Allow their body temperature to rise or fall to some degree depending on environmental conditions

Front 11

Conduction

Back 11

the direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other. rate of conduction depends on surface area of transfer, steepness of temperature difference, and how well each body conducts heat

Front 12

Convection

Back 12

Occurs when air or water moves over the body surface - wind blows on your skin (increases the rate of heat exchange by conduction)

Front 13

Radiation

Back 13

the transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact. all objects radiate energy as a function of their temperature. sun is the main source of radiant energy

Front 14

Evaporation

Back 14

The pahse change that occurs when liquid water becomes a gas. evaporation leads to heat loss only

Front 15

countercurrent heat exchange

Back 15

blood vessels arranged in an anti-parallel fashion, so they transport blood in opposite directions, and heat is transferred between them efficiently.

Front 16

Vasoconstriction

Back 16

narrowing of blood vessels from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels

Front 17

Vasodilation

Back 17

widening of blood vessels from relaxing of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls

Front 18

Respiration

Back 18

Cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood as mitochondria use oxygen and release carbon dioxide

Front 19

Circulation

Back 19

Dissolved gases are transported throughout the body via the circulatory system

Front 20

Diffusion

Back 20

The movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

Front 21

Partial Pressure

Back 21

The pressure of a particular gas in a mixture of gases. TO CALCULATE: multiply the fractional composition of that gas by the total pressure exerted by the entire mixture

Front 22

Epithelia

Back 22

Tissue that covers the outside of the body, lines the surface of organs, and forms glands

Front 23

Countercurrent flow

Back 23

two fluids flow in opposite directions, nearly constant gradient

Front 24

Co-current flow

Back 24

two fluids flow in same direction, variable gradient over the length of the exchanger

Front 25

Trachea

Back 25

An extensive system of tubes located well within the body, connect to the exterior through openings called spiracles

Front 26

Alveoli

Back 26

Tiny sacs that lungs of mammals are divided into. ~150 million in a human lung. Gives mammalian lungs about 40 times more surface area for gas exchange compared to an equivalent volume of frog lung tissue

Front 27

Inhalation

Back 27

Lungs expand, diaphragm pulled down

Front 28

Exhalation

Back 28

Lungs deflate, diaphragm contracts

Front 29

Parabronchi

Back 29

Tubes that connect posterior air sacs to the posterior of the lungs and break into tiny airways within the lung (BIRDS)

Front 30

Plasma

Back 30

Extracellular matrix that comprises 50-60% of humans' blood volume

Front 31

Red blood cells

Back 31

Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body

Front 32

White Blood cells

Back 32

Part of the immune system and fight infections.

Front 33

Hemoglobin

Back 33

When red blood cells mature, they lose their nuclei, mitochondria, and most other organelles but become filled with 280 million molecules of the oxygen carrying molecule hemoglobin

Front 34

Heme

Back 34

Hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide chains each of which binds to a nonprotein group called heme

Front 35

Hemolymph

Back 35

A blood-like tissue that transports wastes and nutrients in most invertebrates

Front 36

Interstital space

Back 36

Space between cells, fluid fills it

Front 37

Artery

Back 37

Tough, thick-walled vessel that takes blood away from the heart under high pressure

Front 38

Arteriole

Back 38

The smallest arteries, muscle fibers called sphincters wrap around the circumference of the vessels and allow its diameter to be carefully regulated in response to signals from the nervous system.

Front 39

Capillary

Back 39

Vessel whose walls are just once cell thick, allowing gases and other molecules to exchange with tissues in networks called capillary beds

Front 40

Venule

Back 40

Small blood vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to the veins

Front 41

Vein

Back 41

Vessels that return blood to the heart under low pressure

Front 42

Cardiac Muscle

Back 42

Makes up the walls of the heart, each cardiac muscle cell branches and makes direct, end to end contact with other cardiac muscle cells

Front 43

Smooth Muscle

Back 43

Cells tapered at each end that from a muscle tissue that lines the walls of the digestive tract and and the walls of blood vessels

Front 44

Lymph

Back 44

Excess interstital fluid

Front 45

Lymphatic Duct

Back 45

Thin-walled, braching tubules that collect interstital fluid not reclaimed in the capillary

Front 46

Pulmonary circulation

Back 46

Lower-pressure circuit to the lung

Front 47

Systematic Circulation

Back 47

Higher pressure circuit to the rest of the body

Front 48

Right Atrium

Back 48

recieves deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava, sends it to right ventricle

Front 49

Left Atrium

Back 49

Gets blood from pulmonary vein, goes into left ventricle

Front 50

Right Ventricle

Back 50

Receives blood from right atrium, sends out to lungs through pulmonary artery

Front 51

Left Ventricle

Back 51

Receives blood from left atrium (through av valve), sends out through aorta

Front 52

Semilunar valve

Back 52

Positioned on lungs and in aorta and pulmonary artery

Front 53

Systole

Back 53

The contraction phase of the atria and the ventricles

Front 54

Diastole

Back 54

The relaxation phase of the atria and ventricles

Front 55

Sinoatrial Node

Back 55

A region of the right atrium that contains pacemaker cells

Front 56

Pacemaker Cells

Back 56

cells trhat initiate contraction

Front 57

AV Node

Back 57

Area of the heart that delays the electrical signal slightly before passing it to the ventricles