Biology

Front 1

define digestion.

Back 1

the break down of large food particles into smaller food particles. (hydrolysis)

Front 2

the digestive system..

Back 2

Front 3

name the 5 different stages of digestion.

Back 3

1. ingestion (food into the mouth)

2. digestion (food is broken down)

3. absorption (the body absorbs the nutrients)

4. assimilation (the liver separates the nutrients)

5. egestion (the removal of waste)(poop)

Front 4

the mouth (buccal activity) has salivary glands. what do they produce?

Back 4

saliva

Front 5

what is saliva made up of ?

Back 5

water

salivary amylase

mucus

antibacterial chemicals

Front 6

what is salivary amylase responsible for?

Back 6

the breaking down of starch to maltose. this works best at a pH of 6.8

Front 7

name the 4 type of teeth present in the mouth.

Back 7

>incisors (very front of the mouth, are flat, for cutting food)

>canines (after the incisors, pointy, tear food)

>premolars (after the canines, for grinding)

>molars (not sharp, for grinding)

Front 8

the tooth .....

Back 8

Front 9

define epiglottis.

Back 9

a flap of muscle which covers the air pipe so we can swallow or vise versa.

Front 10

another word for food pipe is..

Back 10

oesophagus

Front 11

define peristalsis.

Back 11

its a muscle, wave like action along the digestive system to help with the movement of food.

Front 12

name the 3 stages of food.

Back 12

1.food

2.bolus (when its semi-digested like when in the stomach)

3. chyme (when its fully digested and ready to be passed out)

Front 13

the stomach....

Back 13

Front 14

what does the stomach produce?

Back 14

gastric juice and mucus (protective layer/lining)

Front 15

what type of enzyme does the gastric juice have?

Back 15

pepsin which breaks down protein to form peptides. its optimal pH is 2.1

Front 16

what do the small intestines do?

Back 16

finish digestion

absorb nutrients

Front 17

name the 2 parts in the small intestine.

Back 17

duodenum and ileum.

Front 18

name all the enzymes present in the intestines.

Back 18

maltase ->maltose -> glucose

peptidase -> peptides -> amino acids

optimal pH ------> 7.5 - 8

Front 19

were is bile produced, stored and released?

Back 19

1.bile is produced by the liver

2.stored in the gall bladder

3.released in the duodenum

Front 20

define bile

Back 20

the process by which fat droplets are emulsified. this process is called emulsification.

Front 21

what does the pancreas produce?

Back 21

pancreatic fluid

Front 22

name all the enzymes present in the pancreatic fluid and were they are released.

Back 22

the enzymes are released in the duodenum.

trypsin -> protein -> peptides

lipase -> fats -> fatty acids + glycerol

amylase -> starch ->maltose

Front 23

what are bicarbonate ions?

Back 23

ions that neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach.

Front 24

what happens to the food that has been broken down in the duodenum?

Back 24

it is then absorbed in the ileum.

Front 25

what are villi?

Back 25

finger like structures that cover the small intestine for a larger surface area. they are only one cell thick for diffusion and absorption to happen faster. they also have micro-villi for more surface area.

Front 26

what do the capillaries and lacteal absorb?

Back 26

capillaries --> absorb glucose and amino acids

lacteal --> absorb fats

Front 27

what is a hepatic portal vein?

Back 27

a blood vessel rich in nutrients from the small intestine to the liver.

Front 28

what is the large intestine responsible for?

Back 28

to absorb water.

Front 29

why do constipation and diarrhea happen?

Back 29

constipation --> too much water is absorbed

diarrhea --> not enough water is absorbed