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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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4 functional groups |
Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate |
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3 phospholipid parts |
Fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate group |
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Energy storing molecule |
ATP |
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Molecule that functions in protein synthesis |
RNA |
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Molecule that contains genetic information |
DNA |
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Cluster of atoms that influence the molecules they compose |
R groups |
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1 carbon 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen |
Monosaccharide |
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All organic compounds contain |
Carbon |
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RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts |
Enzymes |
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Substrate attaches to this part of an enzyme |
Active site |
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Model of enzyme action |
Induced fit |
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Reaction in which monomers link to form polymers |
Condensation reaction |
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Molecule made of repeating units |
Polymers |
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Subunit of protein |
Amino acids |
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Small simple molecule that makes up a larger molecule |
Monomer |
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Made of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar |
Nucleic acid |
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What makes lipids? |
Fatty acids |
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Two polysaccharides that store glucose |
Glycogen, starch |
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Compounds are made of ... of two or more elements in fixed proportions |
Atoms |
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If a reactant loses am electron, it is said to be... |
Oxidized |
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A reactant that gains one or more electrons has gone through a... |
Reduction reaction |
Reaction |
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pH above 7 |
Base |
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A substance that can't chemically be broken down any simpler... |
Element |
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Bonds that hold water together |
Covalent |
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An atom with a charge |
Ion |
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A mixture of a solute and solvent of two or more substances distributed throughout each other |
Mixture |
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Water is ... and dissolves ... substances |
Polar |
Same word |
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What speeds up metabolic reactions without being destroyed? |
Enzymes |
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What do some chemical reactions require? |
Energy |
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Waters high heat capacity allows it to absorb or release relatively large amounts of ... in the form of... |
Energy, heat |
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The concentration of hydronium H3O+ in a solution with a pH of 4 is how many times that of a solution with a pH of 2? |
100 |
10-fold |
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Attraction between substances of the same kind |
Cohesion |
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Bond found in water molecule |
Covalent |
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Attraction between different substances? |
Adhesion |
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Bond between entire water molecules? |
Hydrogen |
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Molecules that dissolve in water are ... and ... don't dissolve in water |
Polar, nonpolar |
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Solid... is less dense than the liquid form due to ... ... structure |
Water, crystal lattice |
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Hydrogen ion reacts with water to form a... ion |
Hydronium |
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Sodium chloride dissolve in water to form two ions ... and ... |
Na+, and Cl- |
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What type of molecules are enzymes? |
Proteins |
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The statement "arise from preexisting cells" comes from the ... ... |
Cell theory |
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Cilla and ... are structures that enable cell movement and sometimes moves substances across a cells surface |
Flagella |
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The system of microscopic protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell is the ... |
Cytoskeleton |
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Ribosome are found on the ... ER |
rough |
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Newly made ... are sent through the smooth ER for further processing |
Proteins |
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Endocytosis and exocytosis both require... |
Energy |
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Osmosis and diffusion are both ... ... |
Passive transport |
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When the concentration of dissolved particles is the same throughout a solution the system is said to be in... |
Equilibrium |
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Using energy to transport molecules through a membrane from an area of low to high concentration is ... ... |
Active transport |
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In facilitated diffusion ... ... move substances down their concentration gradient |
Carrier proteins |
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In the Calvin cycle, a molecule of ... ... is added to a five- carbon compound and a three carbon sugar is produced |
Carbon Dioxide |
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During photosynthesis oxygen gas is produced when water molecules are split to provide replacement ... for photosystem II. |
Electrons |
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The less carbon dioxide that is available to a plant, the ... photosynthesis proceeds. |
Slower |
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During glycolysis, NADH is formed when hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called... |
NAD+ |
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The reaction that removes a ... from ATP results in ADP and provides energy for the cell. |
Phosphate |
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Fermentation allows the continued production of... even though... is not present. |
ATP, oxygen |
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During anaerobic processes, NADH transfers electrons to the pyruvic acid produced during... |
Glycolysis |
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During aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is first converted to acetyl-CoA which enters the ... ... |
Krebs Cycle |
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During cellular respiration, a cell produces most of its energy through ... respiration |
Aerobic |
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Interior of a cell |
Cytoplasm |
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Cellular structure on which proteins are made |
Ribosome |
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Hairlike structure that enables cell movement |
Flagellum |
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Outer boundary of cell |
Plasma membrane |
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Internal compartment of cell that houses DNA |
Nucleus |
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Which scientist determined that cells come only from other cells? |
Van Leeuwenhoek |
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As a cell becomes smaller, its surface area to volume ratio |
Increases |
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What type of structure could be found on a prokaryote? |
Flagellum |
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Which part of the plasma membrane helps cells recognize each other? |
Carbohydrates |
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Which of the following helps plant cells remain rigid? |
Central vacuole |
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Which of the following organelles enables plants to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water? |
Chloroplast |
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3 things found in plasma membrane |
Carbs, proteins, phospholipid |
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What transports potassium ions into cell? |
Sodium potassium pump |
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What type of solution causes a cell to shrivel? |
Hypertonic |
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What type of solution has no effect on a cell? |
Isotonic |
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What is transport of a specific substance down its concentration gradient by a carrier protein? |
Facilitated diffusion |
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What helps a cell rid itself of wastes? |
Exocytosis |
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Double layer that makes up cell membrane? |
Phospholipids |
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Gated channel that may be open or closed? |
Gated ion channel |
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May cause cell to burst? |
Hypotonic solutions |
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Shields molecule from interior of phospholipid bilayer? |
Carrier protein |
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In the cell membrane, ion channels serve as... |
Passageways |
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Diffusion of water through a membrane... |
Osmosis |
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Active transport does not involve ... diffusion |
Facilitated |
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... is movement of substance from higher to lower concentration |
Diffusion |
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When particles move out of a cell through facilitated diffusion, the cell... |
Does not use energy |
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Molecules that are too large to be moved through the cell membrane can be transported into the cell by ... |
Endocytosis |
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The excretion of materials to the outside of a cell by discharging them from vesicles is called... |
Exocytosis |
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Organic compounds contain what type of energy? |
Chemical |
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What is the first stage of photosynthesis? |
The light reactions |
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Where do light reactions happen ? |
Thylakoids |
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Where does Calvin cycle happen? |
Stroma |
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What is one acessory pigment? |
Chlorophyll b |
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What is the source of energy for living systems? |
Sun |
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Consume food to get energy... |
Heterotrophs |
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Chemiosmosis relies on concentration gradient of... |
Protons |
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What uses energies from light or inorganic substances to make organic compounds? |
Autotrophs |
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What is the pigment directly involved in light reactions? |
Chlorophyll a |
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What type of pathway is an adaptation to hot, dry climates? |
CAM pathway |
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When electrons of a chlorophyll molecule are excited to a higher energy level they are transferred to a ... ... ... |
Primary electron acceptor |
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What is the source of oxygen during photosynthesis? |
Water |
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When a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light, some of its ... are excited to a higher energy level. |
Electrons |
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The Calvin cycle is a method of ... ... |
Carbon fixation |
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The Calvin cycle can occur in ... and ... |
Light, dark |
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NADH is formed when the electron acceptor NADP+ combines with a ... and ... ... |
Proton, excited electrons |
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... regenerates NAD+ so cell can continue producing ATP in absence of oxygen |
Fermentation |
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Electron transport chain is when ... are transferred from molecule to molecule |
Electrons |
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A molecule involved in glycolysis is... |
ATP |
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The first stage in cellular respiration is... ... |
Aerobic respiration |
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Krebs Cycle produces up to ... ... |
38 ATP |
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What is produced by cellular respiration? |
G3P |
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For each molecule of glucose entering glycolisis, there is a net gain of ... ... ... |
4 ATP molecules |
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During cellular respiration, ... ... is required |
Carbon dioxide |
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In Krebs Cycle, production of ATP requires the gradual breakdown of a ... ... ... |
Six carbon compound |
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To maximize ATP production, glycolysis must be followed by the ... ... |
Calvin Cycle |
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Glycolysis yields a large amount of... and ... |
ATP and NADH |
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ATP releases energy when the ... ... ... detaches |
Five carbon sugar |
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The final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration is? |
Oxygen |
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In glycolysis ... processes occur |
Aerobic |
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Glycolysis is or is not part of cellular respiration? |
Is not. |
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The two copies of DNA on each chromosome that form just before cell division? |
Chromatids |
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The point at which two chromatids are attached? |
Centromere |
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Chromosome that are similar in shape and size and have similar genetic information? |
Homologous chromosomes |
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A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes? |
Diploid |
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A cell that contains one set of chromosomes? |
Haploid |
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Phase of meiosis which crossing over takes place? |
Prophase 1 |
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Misregulation of the proteins that control cell growth and division? |
Cancer |
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The phase when the cell grows and carries out routine functions? |
G1 phase |
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Mitosis checkpoint triggers ... from mitosis. |
Exit |
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The phase when preparations are made for the nucleus to divide? |
G2 phase |
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A student can study a Karo type to learn about the ... present in an individual's cells |
Chromosomes |
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Spindles are composed of ... fibers and ... fibers |
Kinetochore and polar |
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Strands of duplicate genetic material? |
Chromatids |
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If an organism has 12 chromosomes in each body cell how many chromosomes would you expect to find in the organisms gametes? |
6 |
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Made if a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base? |
Nucleotide |
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A five carbon sugar in a nucleotide? |
Deoxyribose |
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A nitrogenous base that bonds with thymine? |
Adenine |
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A nitrogenous base that bonds with cytosine? |
Guanine |
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Nitrogenous base that bonds with guanine? |
Cytosine |
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Nitrogenous base that bonds with adenine? |
Thymine |
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Organic molecules having a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms? |
Purines |
G, A |
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Organic molecules with a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms? |
Pyrimidines |
C, G |
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Enzymes that proofread in DNA replication? |
DNA polymerases |
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Where DNA separates? |
Replication forks |
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3 nucleotide sequence of mRNA? |
Codon |
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Complete gene content of organism? |
Genome |
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Two chains of DNA molecule held together by ... bonds? |
Hydrogen |
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At the end of replication the new strand is made of one ... and one ... strand of DNA. |
New, old |
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Sequence of DNA from which the mRNA sequence was made? CUC-AAG-UGC-UUC |
GAG-TTC-ACG-AAG |
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The anti codon for the codon in the mRNA sequence, CUC-AAG-UGC-UUC are? |
GAG-UUC-ACG-AAG |
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