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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mostly Keratin Used for insulation, camouflage, and sensory |
Hair |
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On females only Secrete milk to nurture young |
Mammary glands |
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Brings bloodstream of fetus close to the blood stream of mother
Exchange O2, nutrients, waste |
Placenta |
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How do some mammals digest cellulose? |
Mutualistic relationship with bacteria |
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What are hooves made of? |
Keratin |
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What are horns made of? |
Bone |
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Mammals that lay eggs |
Monotremes |
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Live birth, but short lived placenta
Born very small, crawl into pouch of mother, feed, grow, and develop |
Marsupials |
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Live birth, but short lived placenta
Born very small, crawl into pouch of mother, feed, grow, and develop |
Marsupials |
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Have full span placenta cycle |
Placental mammals |
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Grasping features and toes with opposite thumbs Binocular vision |
Key features of primates |
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Grasping features and toes with opposite thumbs Binocular vision |
Key features of primates |
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Walk on two feet |
Bipedalism |
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Grasping features and toes with opposite thumbs Binocular vision |
Key features of primates |
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Walk on two feet |
Bipedalism |
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Enable humans to construct and use complex tools |
Enlarged brain |
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Grasping features and toes with opposite thumbs Binocular vision |
Key features of primates |
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Walk on two feet |
Bipedalism |
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Enable humans to construct and use complex tools |
Enlarged brain |
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Where are epithelial tissues located? |
Covers all surfaces of the body
Inner and outer |
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Inherent polarity? |
Attached to underlining connective tissue |
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Secured to connective tissue |
Basal surface |
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Secured to connective tissue |
Basal surface |
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Surface that is free to outside |
Apical surface |
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One cell layer thick |
Simple |
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One cell layer thick |
Simple |
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Several cell layers thick |
Stratified |
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What are the three divisions of epithelial cells? |
Squamous: flat Cuboidal: taller than wide Columnar |
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Thin, permits diffusion of gasses Lines lungs and blood capillaries |
Simple squamous |
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Thick, best at secretion and absorption Lines digestive tract |
Simple columnar |
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Thick, best at secretion and absorption Lines digestive tract |
Simple columnar |
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Multiple layers help protect Makes up epidermis -> outer skin |
Stratified squamous |
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Two classes of connective tissue? |
Connective tissue proper Special connective tissue |
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Two classes of connective tissue? |
Connective tissue proper Special connective tissue |
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What is the function of connective tissue proper? |
To connect tissues together |
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Good shock absorption At joints, ear, nose |
Cartilage |
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Cells are alive Hardened by calcium phosphate |
Bone |
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Part of circulatory system Several types of these cells |
Blood |
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What are the three types of muscle tissue? |
Smooth Skeletal Cardiac |
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Smooth, flat Found in walls of blood vessels, stomach, intestines Not controlled voluntarily |
Smooth muscle |
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Striated/stripped Attached to bones by tendons Controlled voluntarily |
Skeletal muscle |
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Cells linked by structures called gap junctions Only in heart Not controlled voluntarily Regenerates very slowly, if at all |
Cardiac muscle |
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What are the parts of a neuron? |
Cell body Axon Dendrites |
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Part of neuron that contains nucleus |
Cell body |
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Part of neuron that contains nucleus |
Cell body |
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Part of neuron that is a single, long extension from cell body |
Axon |
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Part of neuron that contains nucleus |
Cell body |
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Part of neuron that is a single, long extension from cell body |
Axon |
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Part of the neuron that are shorter, branched extensions from cell body |
Dendrites |
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Protects neurons Forms myelin sheath |
Neuroglia |
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Integrates and interprets information from other neurons
Brain and spinal chord |
Central Nervous System |
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Receive information (sight, sound) Send to CNS |
Sensory neurons |
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Conduct info between neurons |
Interneurons |
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Conduct info between neurons |
Interneurons |
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Conduct info to muscles |
Motor neurons |
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Uses ATP to pump out 3 sodium molecules while bringing in 2 potassium molecules
3+ out, 2+ in
Leads to difference in charge outside compared to inside of the cell |
Sodium-potassium pump |
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How is the sodium-potassium pump powered? |
ATP |
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What charge is the resting potential? |
-70 mV |
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Lowering of membrane potential
Less negative
E.g. From -70 mV to 40 mV |
Depolarization |
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Return of membrane potential to resting E.g. From 40 mV to -70mV |
Repolarization |
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Raising of the membrane potential More negative E.g. From -70 mV to 100 mV |
Hyperpolarization |
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Membrane bound After a specific chemical signal binds, they open to let specific ions through the membrane When it opens, it lets sodium into cell for a short period of time |
Ligand-gated channels |
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Membrane bound Let ions cross the membrane after triggered by a nearby change in voltage
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Voltage-gated channels |
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How are neurotransmitters cleared from synapse? |
Degradation by enzymes or uptake by pre or postsynaptic cells |
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Why are neurotransmitters cleared from synapse? |
Prevents constant signaling |
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Signals muscle cells to start muscle contraction |
Acetylcholine |
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Used by the brain to control some movements and pleasure |
Dopamine |
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Degradation of some dopamine neurons Uncontrolled movements Treated with L-dopa, a compound that becomes dopamine |
Parkinson's disease |
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Used by the brain to regulate sleep |
Serotonin |
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How is clinical depression treated? |
Drugs that block uptake of serotonin at synapse |
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Binds to re-uptake transports for dopamine on presynaptic neuron Prevents uptake Dopamine stays in synapse Can cause permanent damage or death |
Effects of cocaine |
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Three sections of the brain |
Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain |
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Sleep paralysis Dreams |
Pons |
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How do voltage gated channels cause depolarization? |
Often let's sodium ions move Causes propagation of action potential |
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Involuntary functions (breathing, blood pressure) |
Medulla oblongata |
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Temperature regulation Vision and hearing |
Midbrain |
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Speech Learning Memory Synthesis of sensory information Voluntary movements |
Cerebrum |
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Sense stimuli from external environment |
Exteroreceptors |
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Sense stimuli from inside of tee body |
Interoreceptors |
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Stimulated by force or pleasure |
Mechanoreceptors |
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Stimulated by chemicals or chemical changes |
Chemoreceptors |
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Stimulated by heat from light across waves |
Electromagnetic receptors |
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Stimulus Transduction Transmission Interpretation |
Order of events in sensory perception |
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Under skin Interoreceptors Sense heat, pain, cold, touch and pressure |
Cutaneous receptors |
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When depolarization of one region of the axon leads to the depolarization of an adjacent region |
Propagation of the action potential |
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How do cutaneous receptors respond to touch/pressure |
Ion channels sensitive to distortion in cell membrane |
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What signals do thermo receptors respond to? |
Changes in temperature |
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Detects tension in muscle Can sense position and movement |
Proprioceptors |
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In heart Monitors blood pressure |
Baroreceptors |
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1. Sound waves are channeled through outer ear canal 2. Vibrations hit tympanic membrane, causes movement in 3 small bones 3. Bones vibrate against oval window 4. Vibrations cause pressure waves in cochlear fluid 5. Bending of cilia causes depolarization of hair cells |
Events that cause sound waves to create and action potential |
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How can some animals hear different that humans? |
Some have a greater range of frequencies Some use sound to measure distance |
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Receptor that is responsible for taste and smell |
Chemoreceptors |
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How do fish taste? |
Chemoreceptors all along bodies |
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How do some Arthropods taste? |
Through hairs on legs |
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How does smell differ from taste |
Nasal passages trap inhaled particles |
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After Repolarization, very short period of insensitivity in voltage gated channels prevents ____________ |
Backtracking of the action potential |
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In heart and brain |
Sense pH of blood and cerebrospinal fluid |
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What do photoreceptors detect? |
Light |
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What is the function of the lens in the eye? |
See far or near objects clearly |
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What do inner segments of photoreceptor-containing cells have? |
Mitochondria, nucleus, synapse |
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What do outer segments of photoreceptor-containing cells have? |
Stacks of pigment discs |
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Black and white distinction only |
Rod cells |
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Allow for color distinction |
Cone cells |
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What is defective in individuals who are colorblind? |
Lack of one or more cone type cells |
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Capture heat in out organs Activate thermo receptors |
Pit vipers |
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What do migratory birds use sensory of magnetic fields for? |
Migration |
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Action potential phase -70 mV resting membrane potential |
Resting phase |
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Action potential phase Stimulus causes sodium channels to open |
Rising phase |
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3rd stage of action potential |
Maximum voltage reached |
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Phase of action potential Potassium channels open Let's potassium out |
Falling phase |
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Narrow space between two cells |
Synapse |
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How is an action potential transmitted from one cell to another? |
Neurotransmitters |
