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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bottleneck Effect
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Genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size
~Northern Elephant Seal ~hunted down to 20 then bred and now many with one allele |
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Phylum Chordata
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bilateral symmetry, 3 body layers, coelom
DEUTEROSTOME post anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord ex: Tunicate (larval has chordate features, adult for rudimentary) Lancelets (adult retains tunicate features |
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Macroevolution
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The main events in the evolutionary history of life on earth
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Protostome
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MOLLUSCS, ANNELIDS, ARTHROPODS
~mouth develops first |
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Sympatric Speciation
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The formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier betwee the changed population (mutants) and the parent population
SAME FATHER LAND |
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Deuterostome
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ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES
Anus forms first |
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Evolution
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~genetic change in a population or species over generations
~all the changes that transform life on earth ~the heritable changes that have produced earth's diversity of organisms. |
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Class Osteichthyes
(Bony Fishes) |
~lateral line system
~swim bladder-control where float ~ex: ray-finned or lobe-finned fishes |
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Phylum Echinoderm
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~radial as adults, bilateral as larva
3 body layers DEUTEROSTOMES coelom ex: sea star, urchin, cucumber |
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Allele
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An alternative form of a gene
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Class Agnatha
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~no hinged jaw
~ex: lamprey |
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Gene Pool
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All the genes in a population at one time
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Class Chondrichthyes
(Cartilagenous fishes) |
~flexible skeleton of cartlige
~special sensory organs -electrosensor - lateral line system (detects vibrations) ex: sharks, rays, skates |
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Polyploid
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More than two sets of chromosomes
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Class _____________
(Amphibians) |
double life
first water, then both ex: frogs, toads, salamanders |
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Taxonomy
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The branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species
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Class ________
(Birds) |
flight, feathers, hollow bones
~endothermic: internal temp metabollically regulated |
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Class _______________
(Mammals) |
hair, mammary glands (milk)
parental care Monotremes: young hatched from eggs ~ platypus Marsupials: "pouched-mammals" Eutherians:"placental mammals" |
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Class __________
(Reptiles) |
eggs have shell & amniotic sac
~keratin, scales: waterproof ~ectothermic: regulate heat by environment ex: snakes, lizards, dinos |
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Allopatric Speciation
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The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographical barrier
DIFFERENT FATHER LAND |
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Natural Selection
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~Differential success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from interactions with the environment.
~Evolution occurs when natural selection produces change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population's gene pool |
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Phylum Arthropoda
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bilateral symmetry, 3 body layers, coelom
protostome jointed appendages, exoskeleton head, thorax, abdomen ex: Insects (cricket) Millipedes, Crustaceans (barnacles, crabs), Arachrids (Spiders) |
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Hominids
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BIPEDIALISM
further brain development Astralopithecus--Homo Habilis--Homo Erectus--Homo Sapiens |
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Biogeography
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The geographical distribution of species
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Homology (Homologous traits)
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~Structures that are similar in different species based on common ancestor
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Artificial Selection
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Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurence of desirable traits in offspring
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Genetic Drift
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A change in the gene pool of a population due to CHANCE
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Anthropoids
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Monkeys
~forelimbs & hindlimbs same length Apes ~no tails, longer forelimbs ex: orangutans, gorillas, chimps |
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Prosimians
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tree dwelling
smaller brains ex: lemurs and tarsiers |
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Genotype
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The genetic makeup of an organism
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Radial symmetry
2 body layers ex: Hydras, jellyfish, anenomes, corals |
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Phylum Nematoda
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bilateral symmetry
3 body layers pseudocoelom...mouth and anus ex: roundworms |
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Phylogenetic Tree
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A branching diagram that offers a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among organisms
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Phylum Porifera
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asymmetrical
0 embryonic tissue layers no body cavity sponges |
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Gene Flow
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a gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals or gametes into or out of the population
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5 lines of evidence supporting the theory of evolution
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1) fossil record
2) biogeography 3) comparitive anatomy - homologous structures 4) Embryology 5) Molecular Biology |
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Coelom
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A body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
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Mutation
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rare, random change in DNA
~ultimate source of variability |
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Convergent Evolution
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~Adaptive change resulting in nonhomologous (analogous) similarities among organisms.
~Species from different evolutionary lineages come to resemble each other (evolve analogous structures) as a result of living in very similar environments |
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Population
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A group interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area
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Zygote
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The fertilized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus with an egg cell nucleus
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Microevolution
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~A change in relative frequencies of alleles in a population over time~
~A change in a population's gene pool over a succession of generations ~Evolutionary changes in species over relatively brief periods of geological time |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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bilateral symmetry
3 tissue layers ex: fluke in lab, tapeworms |
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What two things need to happen for speciation to occur?
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1)reproductive barriers
2) accumulation of differences |
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Blastula
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An embryonic stage that marks the end of cleavage during animal development
~A hollow ball of cells in many species |
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Polymorphisms
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~The existence of different forms
~May pertain to a population where two or more morphs are present in readily noticeable frequencies Example?? |
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Phylum Annelida
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bilateral symmetry, 3 body layers, coelom
protostome segmentation ex: earth worm |
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
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The principle that the shuffling of genes that occurs during sexual reproduction, by itself, cannot change the overall genetic make up of a population... ~5 conditions:
1)large population 2) isolated population 3) no mutations 4) random mating 5) no natural selection |
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Phylum Mollusca
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bilateral symmetry, 3 body layers, coelom
protostome ex: bi-valves (clams) gastropods (snails) cephalopods (octopus) mantle - forms shell radula - scraping organ |
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Stabilizing Selection
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Natural selection that favors intermediate variants acting AGAINST EXTREME phenotypes
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Mesoderm
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tissue filled region
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Gastrula
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Embryonic stage resulting from gastrulation (adds more cells to the embryo and sorts them into distinct cell layers)
~Most have 3 layers...ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
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Phenotype
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The expressed traits of an organism
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Directional Selection
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Natural selection that acts AGAINST the relatively RARE individuals at one end of a phenotypic range
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Ectoderm
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body covering
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Endoderm
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digestive tract
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Diversifying Selection
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Natural selection that FAVORS EXTREME over intermediate phenotypes
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