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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylogeny |
Evolutionary History of a group of organisms |
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Phylogenetic Tree |
Shows how ancestors and descendants are related among populations and species. Aka the "tree of life." Not an activity, but a fact. |
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Describe where the roots, nodes, and branches are. |
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Classification |
Broad term. Putting things in to categories. |
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Taxonomy |
The labeling of things |
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Systematics |
The process of trying to classify organisms into groups based on their phylogeny (perceived). |
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How does systematics work? |
Trying to classify based on molecular data, structure, and behavioral characteristics |
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How do you organize a phylogenetic tree? |
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Shared Ancestral Character |
A characteristic that the ancestor of the common descendants has. (ex: jaws in ancestor and jaws in descendants) |
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Shared Derived Character |
An evolutionary characteristic unique to a clade (not present in the ancestor or the sister groups really) |
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Total Data Trees |
Evolutionary trees created based off of genetic information of the species. |
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Can a characteristic develop separately in different descendants within a phylogenetic tree? |
Yes, leglessness developed separately in different groups of reptiles. Legless lizards are not snakes. |
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Homology |
A similarity due to shared ancestry |
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Analogy |
A similarity due to convergent evolution (not common descent, but similar circumstances the encouraged the development of the common characteristic). ex: bat wings and bird wings |
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How do you identify homology vs anology? |
The more similar two complex structures are between different organisms, the more likely that it's homology. |
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Gene |
discrete unit of hereditary info |
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Alleles |
alternate versions of a gene (ex: alleles for straight/curly hair) |
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
describes a hypothetical, non-evolving population. Let's us determine whether specific genes are under selection (null hypothesis) |
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Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
1. No mutations (altered alleles and deleted or inserted genes) 2. Random mating 3. No natural selection 4. Large population size 5. No gene flow |
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Gene flow |
the sharing of genetic information from one population to another |
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Genetic drift |
Chance situations --> fluctuations in allele frequency in population (important in small populations, random allele fluctuation, can lead to certain genes to be fixed in population) |
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No Mutation |
Absence of gene pool modification by change to an organism's DNA. Requirement for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Random Mating |
Does not occur often b/c often mates are chosen on preference/closeness. Requirement for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. |
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No Natural Selection |
Differences in levels of survival will interfere with Hardy Weinberg's Equilibrium, due to change in gene pool due to fitness. |
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Large Population Size |
Requirement for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. This is needed because a small population --> more fluctuation in gene frequency |
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No Gene Flow |
Condition for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, because the movement of genes through a population can change the allele frequency in the populations. |
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Hardy-Weinberg Equations |
For alleles: p + q = 1 genotype: p^2 +2pq + q^2 = 1 p= frequency of R q= frequency of r pq= frequency of Rr Show allele frequencies |
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How do you convert allele frequency to genotype frequency? |
Find the allele frequencies (p or q), and then put them in a square and multiply the frequencies |
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Among a population of 10,000 plants, 25are white. How many pink and red flowers are expected? |
9,025 Red, 950 pink, and 25 white flowers. (Find the allele frequencies, plug into genotype equation. Multiply genotype frequencies by the # size of population) |
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3 Common Violations of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium |
1. Natural Selection 2. Genetic Drift 3. Gene Flow |
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Heterozygote Advantage (natural selection) |
When heterozygotes are more fit than homogenous organisms (ex: sickle-cell disease) |
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Frequency Dependent Selection |
When fittest trait changes constantly (because prey adapts quickly to most common allele frequency) |
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Bottleneck Effect |
Where allele frequency in small, subset population is different from the large population. |
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Founder Effect |
(aka special case of bottleneck effect) Establishment of a new population from a subset of a larger population. |
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Selection |
Important in changing allele frequency over time (evolution). Affects both large and small populations. |
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Paraphyletic |
A grouping where certain groups are wrongfully excluded from a common ancestry and their. (Incomplete monophyletic group) |
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Polyphyletic |
Wrongful inclusion of a group of organisms when referring to ancestor-descendant relationships in a phylogenetic tree. |
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Cladistics |
A form of grouping. Groups organisms by common descent. |
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Clade |
A group including an ancestor and all its descendants |
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Monophyletic |
A clade that is valid. Group includes ancestral species and all of its descendants |
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Polytomy |
The drawing of three branches connected in a phylogenetic tree to represent the uncertainty of the three species' relationships to each other |
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How to analyze when there is more than one root in a phylogenetic tree |
Uncertainty about which species came first. Draw phylogenetic trees to see how evolution would occur from each root. |
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Three Domains |
1. Eukarya 2. Prokarya 3. Archaea |
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Five Kingdoms |
1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Monera 4. Protista 5. Fungi |
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Prokaryotes |
Unicellular Common shapes: cocci, bacillus, and spirals Found in Bacteria and Achaea Less DNA; normally forms a circular genome No nuclear membrane; DNA found in nucleoid region Plasmids (smaller rings of DNA) Binary Fission |
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Extremophiles |
Bacteria that thrive in extreme conditions. (halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens, psychrophiles) |
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Psychrophiles |
Bacteria that thrive in extremely cold conditions |
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Proteobacteria |
- Gram negative - chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs - aerobic/anaerobic |
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Groups of Proteobacteria |
Alpha (closely assoc. w/ eukaryotic hosts) Beta (Nitrogen fixation) Gamma (Sulfur bacteria) Epsilon (contains many pathogens) |
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Gram-Positive Bacteria |
Have simpler cell walls, but more peptidoglycan in them |
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Gram-Negative Bacteria |
Have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic. - more resistant to antibiotics b/c antibiotics target peptidoglycan |
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Capsule |
Polysaccharide or protein layer on outside of bacteria |
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Endospores |
Prokaryotes form these to survive harsh conditions |
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Fimbriae |
Parts of prokaryotes. Allows them to stick to other things or each other (form a colony) |
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Pili |
Longer than fimbriae. Allows the transfer of DNA between prokaryotes. |
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Taxis |
An ability in bacteria, to move toward or away from a stimulus |
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Chemotaxis |
The movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus |
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Cyanobacteria |
Photoautotrophs; likely in plants due to endosymbiosis |
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Chemoheterotrophs |
decomposers |
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Bioremediation |
the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment |
