Biology 6 Chapter 41 Practice Questions

Front 1

1) In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is
A) fat in adipose tissue.
B) glucose in the blood.
C) protein in muscle cells.
D) glycogen in muscle cells.
E) calcium phosphate in bone.

Back 1

A) fat in adipose tissue.

Front 2

2) Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as
A) proteins.
B) minerals.
C) carbohydrates.
D) amino acids.
E) fats.

Back 2

E) fats.

Front 3

3) Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because
A) only those animals use those nutrients.
B) the nutrients are subunits of important polymers.
C) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.
D) the nutrients are necessary coenzymes.
E) only certain foods contain them.

Back 3

C) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.

Front 4

4) To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that
A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances.
B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C) must be ingested in the diet.
D) is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
E) is not found in many proteins.

Back 4

A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances.

Front 5

5) Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?
A) blood clotting and vitamin C
B) normal vision and vitamin A
C) synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D
D) protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E
E) production of white blood cells and vitamin K

Back 5

B) normal vision and vitamin A

Front 6

6) The fat-soluble vitamins include
A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B12.
C) vitamin C.
D) iodine.
E) calcium.

Back 6

A) vitamin A.

Front 7

7) Which pair correctly associates a biochemical process with the appropriate mineral associated with its use in animals?
A) maintenance of bone and calcium
B) cofactor in enzymes that make ATP and magnesium
C) thyroid hormone synthesis and iron
D) nucleic acid synthesis and sulfur
E) glucose homeostasis and iodine

Back 7

A) maintenance of bone and calcium

Front 8

8) A general rule relating the capacity of a specific animal's digestive system to provide adequate access to substrates for biosynthesis of cellular components, as well as fuel molecules needed for ATP production, is that the animal should have access to
A) a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.
B) a diet low in lipids and high in protein.
C) a low-calorie diet with a large intake of fluids, especially water.
D) a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species.
E) a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals.

Back 8

D) a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species.

Front 9

D) a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species.

Back 9

B) iron.

Front 10

11) Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women because
A) folic acid supplies vitamins that only pregnant women can use.
B) the folic acid is stored in adipose tissue by pregnant women so supplements are needed to make more available in the circulation.
C) the fetus makes high levels of folic acid.
D) folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.
E) folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn.

Back 10

D) folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.

Front 11

12) Excessive iron absorption and accumulation to toxic levels is associated with
A) excessive blood volume.
B) a liver abnormality that results in a decreased number of red blood cells.
C) various forms of inherited or acquired anemia.
D) the genetic disorder known as hemochromatosis.
E) menstruation and menopause.

Back 11

D) the genetic disorder known as hemochromatosis.

Front 12

13) Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes
A) are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B) are excludible intracellular processes in most organisms.
C) add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
D) require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.
E) require ATP as an energy source.

Back 12

C) add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).

Front 13

14) Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as
A) ingestion.
B) digestion.
C) hydrolysis.
D) absorption.
E) elimination.

Back 13

D) absorption.

Front 14

15) In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by
A) hydrolysis.
B) endocytosis.
C) absorption.
D) elimination.
E) secretion.

Back 14

B) endocytosis.

Front 15

16) The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates
A) secretion.
B) absorption.
C) elimination.
D) filtration
E) temperature regulation.

Back 15

B) absorption.

Front 16

17) An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system
A) excludes the need for extracellular digestion.
B) allows specialized functions in specialized regions.
C) allows digestive enzymes to be more specific.
D) allows extensive branching.
E) facilitates intracellular digestion.

Back 16

B) allows specialized functions in specialized regions.

Front 17

18) Earthworms, grasshoppers, and birds all have a
A) gastric cecae.
B) larynx.
C) crop.
D) pharynx.
E) epiglottis.

Back 17

C) crop.

Front 18

19) Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, this requires the animals to have mechanisms for
A) elimination.
B) dehydration synthesis.
C) enzymatic hydrolysis.
D) regurgitation.
E) demineralization.

Back 18

C) enzymatic hydrolysis.

Front 19

20) In the digestive system, peristalsis is
A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine.
B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation.
C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel.
D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration.
E) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

Back 19

E) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

Front 20

21) After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is
A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) cholesterol and other lipids.
D) nucleic acids.
E) minerals.

Back 20

B) carbohydrates.

Front 21

22) Salivary amylase digests
A) protein.
B) starches.
C) monosaccharides.
D) glucose.
E) maltose.

Back 21

B) starches.

Front 22

23) Among mammals, it is generally true that
A) all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth.
B) after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx.
C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.
D) the esophagus is a key source of digestive enzymes.
E) the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

Back 22

C) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.

Front 23

24) Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the
A) small intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.
E) mouth.

Back 23

B) stomach.

Front 24

25) Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that
A) is manufactured by the pancreas.
B) helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C) splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E) is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.

Back 24

D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.

Front 25

26) Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells
A) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
B) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
D) include pepsinogen.
E) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.

Back 25

A) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.

Front 26

27) The bile salts
A) are enzymes.
B) are manufactured by the pancreas.
C) emulsify fats in the duodenum.
D) increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.

Back 26

C) emulsify fats in the duodenum.

Front 27

28) Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream as
A) disaccharides.
B) polymers.
C) monomers.
D) enzymes.
E) peptides.

Back 27

C) monomers.

Front 28

29) An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is
A) amylase.
B) pepsin.
C) gastrin.
D) trypsin.
E) sucrose.

Back 28

B) pepsin.

Front 29

30) The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the
A) processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does.
B) fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.
C) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not.
D) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
E) fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption.

Back 29

D) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

Front 30

31) A nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood after a typical meal is
A) sucrose.
B) maltose.
C) fatty acid.
D) dipeptide.
E) trinucleotide.

Back 30

C) fatty acid.

Front 31

32) For a nondiabetic person, the glucose concentration in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part.
A) abdominal artery
B) coronary arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) hepatic portal vessel
E) jugular vein

Back 31

D) hepatic portal vessel

Front 32

33) Glandular secretions that are released initially as inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the
A) protein-digesting enzymes.
B) fat-solubilizing bile salts.
C) acid-neutralizing bicarbonate.
D) carbohydrate-digesting enzymes.
E) hormones such as gastrin.

Back 32

A) protein-digesting enzymes.

Front 33

34) Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids, they can accomplish nutritional balance without need for a
A) liver.
B) pancreas.
C) intestine.
D) stomach.
E) gallbladder.

Back 33

D) stomach.

Front 34

35) Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that
A) contains plenty of fiber.
B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D) decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine.
E) stimulates peristalsis.

Back 34

B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.

Front 35

36) Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by
A) pH monitoring.
B) X-ray technology.
C) the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.
D) colonoscopy.
E) sonography.

Back 35

C) the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.

Front 36

37) A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of
A) gastric reflux.
B) premature entry of food into the duodenum.
C) excess secretion of pepsinogen.
D) increased stomach pH.
E) retention of food in the stomach.

Back 36

A) gastric reflux.

Front 37

38) A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial
A) production of vitamins A and C.
B) generation of gases needed for elimination.
C) absorption of organic materials.
D) production of vitamin K.
E) recovery of water from fecal matter.

Back 37

D) production of vitamin K.

Front 38

39) The cells that secrete acidic fluid in the stomach are
A) the chief cells of the stomach.
B) the parietal cells of the stomach.
C) not needed for the transformation of pepsinogen to pepsin.
D) in the lumen of the stomach.
E) adding secretions along the esophagus.

Back 38

D) in the lumen of the stomach.

Front 39

40) Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having
A) a sufficient colony of H. pylori.
B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
C) a high level of secretion by chief cells.
D) a high level of secretion from parietal cells.
E) secretions enter the stomach from the pancreas.

Back 39

B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.

Front 40

41) The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at
A) cutting.
B) ripping.
C) grinding.
D) splitting.
E) piercing.

Back 40

C) grinding.

Front 41

42) A group of animals among which a relatively long cecum is likely to be found is the
A) carnivores.
B) herbivores.
C) autotrophs.
D) heterotrophs.
E) omnivores.

Back 41

B) herbivores.

Front 42

43) The adaptations suited to a carnivorous diet include
A) broad, flat molars.
B) a rumen.
C) ingestion of feces.
D) bile salts.
E) amylase.

Back 42

D) bile salts.

Front 43

44) Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because
A) they are autotrophic.
B) cattle, like rabbits, re-ingest their feces.
C) they manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D) cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E) they have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

Back 43

E) they have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs

Front 44

45) Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to
A) the position of muscle attachment sites.
B) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.
C) the size of the mouth opening.
D) the evidence of food molecules still present.
E) whether the mouth is the most anterior structure.

Back 44

B) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.

Front 45

46) An enlarged cecum is typical of
A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.
B) carnivorous animals.
C) tubeworms that digest via symbionts.
D) humans and other primates.
E) tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.

Back 45

A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.

Front 46

47) Coprophagy, the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal material, is important for the nutritional balance of
A) ruminants such as cows.
B) insects and arthropods.
C) rabbits and their relatives.
D) squirrels and some rodents.
E) very large animals, such as elephants.

Back 46

C) rabbits and their relatives.

Front 47

48) PKU (phenylketonuria) is a hereditary condition in which infants and young children who ingest the amino acid phenylalanine risk serious neurological damage. However, the risk of damage can be substantially reduced by the severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet. Which of the following is the nutritional concept that forms the basis for this preventive treatment?
A) enzymatic hydrolysis
B) essential nutrients
C) symbiosis
D) dehydration synthesis
E) structural anatomy of the brain

Back 47

B) essential nutrients

Front 48

49) When the digestion and absorption of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is
A) eliminated in the feces.
B) stored as starch in the liver.
C) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
D) oxidized and converted to ATP.
E) hydrolyzed and converted to ADP.

Back 48

C) stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Front 49

50) Hypoglycemia, or low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human, is "corrected" by a(n)
A) increase in the secretion of insulin.
B) increase in the secretion of glucagon.
C) increase in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
D) decrease in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
E) increase in the secretion of thyroid hormones.

Back 49

B) increase in the secretion of glucagon.

Front 50

51) A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?
A) fat, then glycogen, then protein
B) glycogen, then protein, then fat
C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
D) muscle glycogen, then fat, then liver glycogen
E) fat, then protein, then glycogen

Back 50

C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat

Front 51

52) Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to
A) type 1 diabetes and prostate cancer.
B) type 1 diabetes and breast cancer.
C) type 2 diabetes and muscle hypertrophy.
D) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
E) type 2 diabetes and decreased appetite.

Back 51

D) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Front 52

53) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The agents that help emulsify fats are produced in
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8
E) 9

Back 52

E) 9

Front 53

54) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location(s)
A) 3 only.
B) 4 only.
C) 1 and 4.
D) 3 and 4.
E) 1, 3, and 4.

Back 53

B) 4 only

Front 54

55) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in section(s)
A) 3 only.
B) 4 only.
C) 1 and 4.
D) 3 and 4.
E) 1, 3, and 4.

Back 54

B) 4 only.

Front 55

56) Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Bacteria that produce vitamins as products are residents of location
A) 3.
B) 4.
C) 5.
D) 7.
E) 8.

Back 55

C) 5.

Front 56

Use the following information to answer the questions below.

Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor, the hormone leptin. The db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety factor.

Back 56

f

Front 57

57) Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to have
A) increased gene expression of ob and decreased expression of db.
B) increased gene expression of db and decreased expression of ob.
C) decreased transcription of both ob and db.
D) mutation of ob or db.

Back 57

D) mutation of ob or db.

Front 58

58) Many obese humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety, so the search for healthy regulation of food intake should focus on
A) providing supplementary leptin.
B) inactivation of leptin.
C) overexpression of the leptin receptor gene.
D) eliminating carbohydrates from the diet.
E) inhibition of leptin receptors.

Back 58

D) eliminating carbohydrates from the diet.

Front 59

59) Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?
A) lionsubstrate feeder
B) baleen whalesuspension feeder
C) aphidfluid feeder
D) clamsuspension feeder
E) snakebulk feeder

Back 59

A) lionsubstrate feeder

Front 60

60) The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the
A) large intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pharynx.
D) rectum.
E) epiglottis.

Back 60

C) pharynx.

Front 61

61) Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?
A) stomachprotein digestion
B) oral cavitystarch digestion
C) large intestinebile production
D) small intestinenutrient absorption
E) pancreasenzyme production

Back 61

C) large intestinebile production

Front 62

62) Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?
A) mechanical digestion
B) HCl secretion
C) mucus secretion
D) nutrient absorption
E) enzyme secretion

Back 62

D) nutrient absorption

Front 63

63) After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of
A) starch.
B) protein.
C) sugar.
D) fat.
E) water.

Back 63

D) fat

Front 64

64) If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?
A) muscle proteins
B) muscle and liver glycogen
C) fat stored in the liver
D) fat stored in adipose tissue
E) blood proteins

Back 64

B) muscle and liver glycogen