Biology 6 Chapter 32 Introduction To Animal Diversity

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General Information of Animal Kingdom

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1. 1.3 million species - identified

2. 15 million -150 million species – yet to be identified

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Heterotrophic

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ability to ingest and digest food with enzymes

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Food

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living organisms or non-living organic material

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Cell Structure

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1. Specific cell structure with specialization
2. Cells held together by proteins (collagens
3. Intracellular that keeps cells in close contact with each other
4. two cell types unique to animals
a) muscle cells
b) Nerve cells

Front 5

Animal Reproduction & Development of Animal Kingdom

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1. most animals reproduce sexually

2. Diploid stage is dominant
a) Haploid sperm, haploid egg, diploid zygote

3.Terminology

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cleavage

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series of mitotic division without cell growth between cycles

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blastula

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hollow ball of cells

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Gastrula

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solid ball of that give rise to embryonic tissues

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Larva

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sexually immature form of an animal, morphologically distinct from adult

i. Different diet
ii. different habitat

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Metamorphosis

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resurgence of development transforming the larva into an adult

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Homeobox (Hox) genes

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180 nucleotide gene sequence within homeotic & developmental genes; widely conserved in animals

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Homeotic genes

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any of master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the development fate of groups of cells

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. Among animals, there is great morphological diversity in contrast to a

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genetic network that is relatively conserved

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Genes containing homeoboxes are found in all eukaryotic genomes and are associated with

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cell differentiation and body segmentation during embryonic development

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Hox genes determine the form, number, and evolution of repeating parts such as

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the number and type of vertebrae in vertebrates

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Characteristics of Hox genes

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a) Evolved in eukaryotic line
b) Play a role in embryonic development
c) Control expression of 100’s of genes
d) Control cell division & differentiation
e) Regulate the formation of water channels in sponges
f) Regulate the patterning of the anterior and posterior axis

Front 17

Animal History

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A. Based on molecular clocks (DNA), animals diverged from fungi approximately 1.5 bya
B. The common ancestor of animals – a colonial flagellate protist - appeared between 1.2
bya – 800 mya

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Cambrian Explosion:

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1. Dramatic acceleration of animal diversification 542-525 million years ago
2. Oldest fossils of approximately half the extant animal species occurred at this time

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Reasons for the Cambrian Explosion

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1. Predator V. prey relationships developed
a) Locomotion V. defense

2. An increase of atmospheric oxygen occurred
a) More oxygen resulted in more metabolism

3. Evolution of the Hox gene complex resulted in greater flexibility in evolution of new species

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Grades

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group of animal species that share the same level of organizational complexity

- Examples: Pachyderms (extinct and extant)

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Body plan

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set of morphological traits that define a grade, integrated into a functional whole (organism)

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Asymmetry

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absence of a body plan

a) example: poriferans (sponges)

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Radial symmetry

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body plan in which arms radiate from a central axis

a) example: cnidarians (jellyfish)

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Bilateral symmetry

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body plan in which a sagittal plane divides the organism into left and right halves which are mirror images

a) example: most invertebrates, all vertebrates

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Cephalization

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concentration of sensory organs and central nervous system in anterior region

a) example: most invertebrates, and vertebrates

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Tissues

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collection of isolated cells, kept separate by membranous layers; arise during embryonic development by gastrulation

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Ectoderm

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outer layer giving rise to outer coverings and nervous system
(know 2 for the test)

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Endoderm

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inner layer giving rise to lining of digestive tract and organs (liver, lungs, etc.)
(Know 2 for the test)

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Mesoderm

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middle layer giving rise to blood, bones, and muscles (know 2 for the test)

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Diploblasts

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animals consisting of only 2 germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm
- examples: cnidarians

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Triploblasts

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animals consisting of 3 germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Examples: bilaterians

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Coelom (body cavity)

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fluid-filled sac separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall; develops from mesoderm

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Coelomates

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animals that form a true body cavity

- examples: mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates

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Pseudocoelomates:

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animals that form a false body cavity; from blastocoel, not mesoderm

- example: roundworms

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Acoelomates:

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animals with no body cavity

- example: flatworms

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Functions of Body Cavities:

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a) Cushion suspended organs in fluid
b) Provide shape and support in invertebrates
c) Allow internal organs to move independently of outer wall

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Protostome Development

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1. Mouth arises from blastopore

2. Spiral cleavage of embryo occurs

3. Body cavity splits between solid mass of mesoderm

4. Examples: mollusks (squid, octopus, snails), annelids (earthworms, sandworms), arthropods (shrimps

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Deuterostome Development

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1. Anus arises from blastopore

2. Radial cleavage of embryo occurs

3. Body cavity forms from outpockets of mesoderm

4. Examples: echinoderms (starfish, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins) and chordates (anything with a spine or backbone)