Biology 6 Chapter 32 Into To Animal Diversity

Front 1

Heterotrophic

Back 1

ability to ingest and digest food with enzymes (ALL ANIMALS ARE HETEROTROPHIC)

Front 2

Food

Back 2

living organisms or non-living organic material

Front 3

Cell structure

Back 3

1. Specific cell structure with specialization
2. Cells held together by proteins
3. Intracellular junctions keep cell in close contact with each other
4. Two cell types unique to animals
a) Muscle cells
b) Nerve cells

Front 4

Animal reproduction and development

Back 4

1. Most animals reproduce sexually
2. The diploid stage (2n) is dominant
a) Haploid sperm + haploid egg = diploid zygote

Front 5

Cleavage

Back 5

series of mitotic (The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes. Also called karyokinesis) divisions without cell growth between cycles

Front 6

Blastula

Back 6

hollow ball of cells

Front 7

Gastrula

Back 7

solid ball of cells that gives rise to embryonic tissue

Front 8

Larva

Back 8

sexually immature from of an animal, morphologically distinct from the adult
i. Different diet
ii. Different habitat

Front 9

Metamorphosis

Back 9

resurgence of development transforming the larva into an adult

Front 10

Homeobox genes

Back 10

180 nucleotide gene sequence within homeotic & developmental genes; widely conserved in animals
a) Hox genes determine the form, number, and evolution of repeating parts such as the number and type of vertebrae in vertebrates

Front 11

Homeotic genes

Back 11

any of master regulatory genes that control replacement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants and fungi by controlling the development fate of groups of cells

Front 12

characteristics of hox genes

Back 12

1. Evolved in eukaryotic line
2. Play a role in embryonic development
3. Control expression of 100s of genes
4. Control cell division and differentiation
5. Regulate the formation of water channels in sponges
6. Regulate the patterning of anterior and posterior axis

Front 13

Cambrian explosion

Back 13

1. Dramatic acceleration of animal diversification 542-525 mya
2. Oldest fossils of approximately half the extant animal spp occurred at this time

Front 14

Reasons for Cambrian explosion

Back 14

1. Predator v. prey relationships developed
2. An increase in atmospheric oxygen occurs
3. Evolution of the hox gene complex resulted in greater flexibility in evolution of new spp

Front 15

Grades (do not confuse with clades:group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants)

Back 15

group of animal spp that share the same level or organizational complexity
Example: pachyderms (extinct and extant)

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Body plan

Back 16

set of morphological traits that define a grade, integrated into a functional whole (organism)
example: mammoth and mastodon

Front 17

Asymmetry

Back 17

absence of a body plan
Example: poriferans (sponges)

Front 18

Radial symmetry

Back 18

body plan in which arms radiate from a central axis
Example: cnidarians (jellyfish)

Front 19

Bilateral symmetry

Back 19

body plan in which a sagittal plabe divides the organisms into left and right halves which are mirror images
Example: most invertebrates, all vertebrates, humans

Front 20

Cephalization

Back 20

concentration of sensory organs and central nervous system in anterior head
Example: most invertebrates, all vertebrates

Front 21

Tissues

Back 21

collection of isolated cells, kept separated by membranous layers; arise during embryonic development and gastrulation
Ectoderm: outer layer giving rise to outer covering and nervous system
Endoderm: inner layer giving rise to lining of digestive tract and organs
Mesoderm: middle layer giving rise to blood, bones and muscle

Front 22

Diploblasts

Back 22

animals consisting of only 2 germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm
Example: cnidarians (jellyfish)

Front 23

Triploblasts

Back 23

animals consisting of 3 germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
Example: bilaterians (humans)

Front 24

Coelom (body cavity)

Back 24

fluid-filled sac separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall; develops from mesoderm

Front 25

Coelomates

Back 25

animals that from a true body cavity
Examples: mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates

Front 26

Pseudocoelomates

Back 26

animals that from a false body cavity; from blastocoel, not mesoderm
Example: roundworms

Front 27

Acoelomates

Back 27

animals with no body cavity
Example: flatworms

Front 28

Functions of body cavities

Back 28

a) Cushion suspended organs in fluid
b) Provide shape and support in invertebrates
c) Allow internal organs to move independently outterwall

Front 29

Protostomes

Back 29

1. Mouth arises from blastopore
2. Spiral cleavage of embryo occurs
3. Body cavity splits between solid mass of mesoderm
4. Examples: mollusks, annelids, arthropods

Front 30

Deuterostome

Back 30

1. Anus arises from blastopore
2. Radial cleavage of embryo occurs
3. Body cavity forms from out-pockets of mesoderm
4. Example: echinoderms and chordates