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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
General characteristics of mushrooms
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a) 100,000 spp (1.5 million spp may exist)
b) Found in terrestrial habitat c) Single-celled to multicellular d) Heterotrophic |
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General functions of mushrooms
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a) Breakdown organic material while recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem
b) Source of products from food to antibiotics c) Some are pathogenic to plants and animals |
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Nutrition and ecology of fungi
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1. Heterotrophs that do not ingest food
2. Absorb nutrients from external environment 3. Use enzymes to breakdown complex molecules into smaller, more absorbable molecules 4. Saprophytes: organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic material |
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Hyphae & Mycelium
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network of tiny filaments consisting of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
& interwoven mat of hyphae |
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Functions of mycelium
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a) Infiltrates material on which it feeds
b) Maximizes surface area: volume c) Grows rapidly d) Extends hyphae into areas that are more nutritious |
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Chitin
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strong, but flexible nitrogen containing polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi
a) Plant cell walls contain cellulose b) Arthropod (insects) exoskeletons contain chitin |
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Septum (parting the nose into pores)
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porous cross-wall that divides hyphae into cells
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Coenocytic fungi (see-no-septum)
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fungi without septa; consist of a continuous cytoplasmic with hundreds or thousands of nuclei
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Haustoria
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specialized hyphae used to extract nutrients or exchange nutrients with hosts (parasitic and mutualistic)
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Mycorrhizae
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specialized hyphae which develop a beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots
a) Increase surface area of roots and enhancing uptake of water and minerals b) Receive food from plants |
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Fungi reproduction: Spores
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a) Produced during sexual/asexual reproduction
b) Released in vast numbers c) Travel great distances by wind/water |
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Fungi reproduction: Sexual
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a) Nuclei, hyphae, spores are haploid
b) Hyphae release pheromones - Opposite mating types of hyphae grow towards each other and fuse upon contact c) Plasmogamy: fusion of cytoplasm of cells from 2 individuals d) Heterokaryon: fungal mycelium that contains 2+ haploid nuclei per cell e) Dikaryotic: fungal mycelium with 2 haploid nuclei per cell – one from each parent f) Karyogamy: haploid nuclei from each parent fuse producing diploid cells |
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Plasmogamy
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fusion of cytoplasm of cells from 2 individuals
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Heterokaryon
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fungal mycelium that contains 2+ haploid nuclei per cell
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Dikaryotic
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fungal mycelium with 2 haploid nuclei per cell – one from each parent
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Karyogamy
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haploid nuclei from each parent fuse producing diploid cells
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Reproduction: Asexual
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a) Unicellular fungi (yeast) reproduced by simple cell division (binary fission)
b) Filamentous fungi (molds) that produce haploid spores by mitosis c) Deuteromycetes: yeasts and filamentous fungi with no known sexual stage |
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Lineages of Fungi: Chytrids
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1. Single celled and colonial
2. Decomposers, parasites and mutualists 3. Ubiquitous in lakes and soils 4. 1,000 spp |
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Lineages of Fungi: Zygomycota (blue zygote)
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1. Multicellular
2. Mold, parasites, commensalists 3. Grows on foods (bread mold) 4. 1,000 spp |
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Lineages of Fungi: Glomeromycetes (globos-balloons)
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1. Multicellular
2. Mutualists 3. Grows in 90% of all plant roots 4. 160 spp |
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Lineages of Fungi: Ascomycetes
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1. Unicellular/multicellular
2. Decomposers, pathogens, mutualists 3. Marine, freshwater terrestrial habitats 4. 65,000 spp |
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Lineages of Fungi: Basidiomycetes
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1. Multicellular
2. Decomposers, pathogens, parasites and mutualists 3. 30,000 spp |
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Ecological roles of fungi: Decomposers
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1. Breakdown organic material
2. Important in recycling C, N, etc. |
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Ecological roles in fungi: Endophytes
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b) Endophytes: fungi that live in plant parts other than roots without causing harm
1. Produce toxins 2. Defend against pathogens 3. Increase tolerances i. Heat ii. Drought |
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Ecological roles in fungi: Mutualists in leaf cutter ants
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c) Mutualists: fungus-animal
1. Leaf cutter ants I. Fungi grow on cut leaves II. Fungi produce swollen tips rich in proteins and carbohydrates on which the ants feed |
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Ecological roles in fungi: Pathogens
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1. 30% of known fungi are pathogenic/parasitic – mostly plants
2. Mycosis: animal fungal infection (50 spp) |
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Ecological roles in fungi: Commercial uses
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1. Decomposers, recyclers
2. Mycorrhizae 3. Yeast 4. Food 5. Medicine 6. Research |
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Ecological roles in fungi: lichens
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Lichens: symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae or cyanobacterium
a) Fungi provide habitat, algae provide food b) Pioneer organisms c) 13,500 spp |