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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
General characteristics of mushrooms
a) 100,000 spp (1.5 million spp may exist)
b) Found in terrestrial habitat
c) Single-celled to multicellular
d) Heterotrophic
General functions of mushrooms
a) Breakdown organic material while recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem
b) Source of products from food to antibiotics
c) Some are pathogenic to plants and animals
Nutrition and ecology of fungi
1. Heterotrophs that do not ingest food
2. Absorb nutrients from external environment
3. Use enzymes to breakdown complex molecules into smaller, more absorbable molecules
4. Saprophytes: organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic material
Hyphae & Mycelium
network of tiny filaments consisting of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
&
interwoven mat of hyphae
Functions of mycelium
a) Infiltrates material on which it feeds
b) Maximizes surface area: volume
c) Grows rapidly
d) Extends hyphae into areas that are more nutritious
Chitin
strong, but flexible nitrogen containing polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi
a) Plant cell walls contain cellulose
b) Arthropod (insects) exoskeletons contain chitin
Septum (parting the nose into pores)
porous cross-wall that divides hyphae into cells
Coenocytic fungi (see-no-septum)
fungi without septa; consist of a continuous cytoplasmic with hundreds or thousands of nuclei
Haustoria
specialized hyphae used to extract nutrients or exchange nutrients with hosts (parasitic and mutualistic)
Mycorrhizae
specialized hyphae which develop a beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots
a) Increase surface area of roots and enhancing uptake of water and minerals
b) Receive food from plants
Fungi reproduction: Spores
a) Produced during sexual/asexual reproduction
b) Released in vast numbers
c) Travel great distances by wind/water
Fungi reproduction: Sexual
a) Nuclei, hyphae, spores are haploid
b) Hyphae release pheromones
- Opposite mating types of hyphae grow towards each other and fuse upon contact
c) Plasmogamy: fusion of cytoplasm of cells from 2 individuals
d) Heterokaryon: fungal mycelium that contains 2+ haploid nuclei per cell
e) Dikaryotic: fungal mycelium with 2 haploid nuclei per cell – one from each parent
f) Karyogamy: haploid nuclei from each parent fuse producing diploid cells
Plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm of cells from 2 individuals
Heterokaryon
fungal mycelium that contains 2+ haploid nuclei per cell
Dikaryotic
fungal mycelium with 2 haploid nuclei per cell – one from each parent
Karyogamy
haploid nuclei from each parent fuse producing diploid cells
Reproduction: Asexual
a) Unicellular fungi (yeast) reproduced by simple cell division (binary fission)
b) Filamentous fungi (molds) that produce haploid spores by mitosis
c) Deuteromycetes: yeasts and filamentous fungi with no known sexual stage
Lineages of Fungi: Chytrids
1. Single celled and colonial
2. Decomposers, parasites and mutualists
3. Ubiquitous in lakes and soils
4. 1,000 spp
Lineages of Fungi: Zygomycota (blue zygote)
1. Multicellular
2. Mold, parasites, commensalists
3. Grows on foods (bread mold)
4. 1,000 spp
Lineages of Fungi: Glomeromycetes (globos-balloons)
1. Multicellular
2. Mutualists
3. Grows in 90% of all plant roots
4. 160 spp
Lineages of Fungi: Ascomycetes
1. Unicellular/multicellular
2. Decomposers, pathogens, mutualists
3. Marine, freshwater terrestrial habitats
4. 65,000 spp
Lineages of Fungi: Basidiomycetes
1. Multicellular
2. Decomposers, pathogens, parasites and mutualists
3. 30,000 spp
Ecological roles of fungi: Decomposers
1. Breakdown organic material
2. Important in recycling C, N, etc.
Ecological roles in fungi: Endophytes
b) Endophytes: fungi that live in plant parts other than roots without causing harm
1. Produce toxins
2. Defend against pathogens
3. Increase tolerances
i. Heat
ii. Drought
Ecological roles in fungi: Mutualists in leaf cutter ants
c) Mutualists: fungus-animal
1. Leaf cutter ants
I. Fungi grow on cut leaves
II. Fungi produce swollen tips rich in proteins and carbohydrates on which the ants feed
Ecological roles in fungi: Pathogens
1. 30% of known fungi are pathogenic/parasitic – mostly plants
2. Mycosis: animal fungal infection (50 spp)
Ecological roles in fungi: Commercial uses
1. Decomposers, recyclers
2. Mycorrhizae
3. Yeast
4. Food
5. Medicine
6. Research
Ecological roles in fungi: lichens
Lichens: symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algae or cyanobacterium
a) Fungi provide habitat, algae provide food
b) Pioneer organisms
c) 13,500 spp