Biology 6 Ch 42 Circulation And Gas Exchange

Front 1

Gastrovascular Cavities

Back 1

bodies being only two cell layers thick, diffusion is optimal in transporting nutrients throughout the organism.
example: cnidarian, platyhelminthes

Front 2

Open Circulatory System

Back 2

one or more hearts pumps hemolymph into sinuses surrounding organs; body movements squeeze sinuses, assisting in circulatory hemolymph
a. example: arthropods, most mollusks

Front 3

Closed Circulatory System

Back 3

one or more hearts pumps blood into vessels which branch into smaller and smaller vessels; blood never leaves the vessels
a. example: earthworms, cephalopods, and vertebrates

Front 4

Open vs. Circulatory System

Back 4

a. open: require less energy in operation and maintenance; also, provides support during molting
b. closed: more efficient at material transport; most highly developed in vertebrates
example: octopus

Front 5

Vertebrate Circulation- Fish

Back 5

1. one ventricle; one atrium
2. gill and systemic circulation
3. blood moves slowly
a. two capillary beds where blood pressure drops

Front 6

Vertebrate Circulation- Amphibians

Back 6

1. one ventricle, two atria
2. Pulmocutaneous & systemic circulation
3. double circulation
a. O2 poor blood to lungs, skin
b. O2 rich blood to body

Front 7

Vertebrate Circulation- Reptiles

Back 7

1. one ventricle, two atria
a. partial second ventricle
2. pulmonary & systemic circulation
3. double circulation
a. less mixing of O2 rich/poor blood

Front 8

Vertebrate Circulation- Birds, Mammals

Back 8

1. two ventricles, two atria
2. pulmonary & systemic circulation
3. double circulation
a. left side O2 rich blood
b. right side O2 poor blood
4. supports endothermicity

Front 9

Cardiac Cycle

Back 9

one complete cycle of pumping and filling the heart

Front 10

Systole

Back 10

contraction, pumps blood

Front 11

Diastole

Back 11

relaxation, fills with blood

Front 12

Cardiac Output

Back 12

volume of blood the left ventricle pumps per minute

Front 13

Heart Murmur

Back 13

problem in which blood squirts back through a defective valve

Front 14

Blood Vessel Structure

Back 14

a. outer: connective tissue with elastic fibers
b. middle: smooth muscle with elastic fibers
c. inner: endothelium

Front 15

Blood Flow

Back 15

1. as diameter of vessels decreases, velocity of blood flow increases
a. total cross sectional are of capillaries blood flow to decrease more capillaries than larger vessels

Front 16

Blood Pressure

Back 16

hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the walls of vessels to propel blood
a. greater in arteries than veins
b. peripheral resistance
c. gravity (neck length)

Front 17

Blood Return

Back 17

assisted by rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles in walls of vessels and skeletal muscles squeezing surrounding vessels in limbs

Front 18

Capillary Function

Back 18

blood flow to capillaries is irregular as blood is diverted from one area to another

Front 19

Plasma

Back 19

liquid matrix with cells in suspension (55% of blood composition; 90 % water)

Front 20

Serum

Back 20

plasma without clotting factor

Front 21

Plasma Substances *****finish

Back 21

a. electrolytes:help maintain osmotic balance of blood; buffer blood to pH 7.4
b. nutrients
c, proteins
d.

Front 22

Erythrocyes (RBC's)

Back 22

a. function: transport O2
b. small (7-8.5 um in diameter)
c. most numerous (25 trillion/5L)
d. contain hemoglobin (Hb)
e. lack nuclei & mitochondria (mammals); generate ATP by anaerobic metabolism

Front 23

Leukocytes (WBC's)

Back 23

a. function: defend against pathogens
b. large (10-20 um in diameter)
c. 25-50 billion/5L (increases during infection)
d. nucleated; 5 different types

Front 24

Platelets

Back 24

a. function: blood clotting
b. fragments of cells (2-3 um in diamter)
c. 750-1,1750 billion/5L
d. lack nuclei

Front 25

Blood Clotting

Back 25

self-sealing components of blood to stop bleeding; triggered by injuries
a. fibrinogen: inactive clotting factor
b. fibrin: active clotting factor
c. platelets: incorporated to plug bleed
d. thrombus: formation of a clot inside blood vessels in absence of injury
e. embolus: travelling clot
f. hemophilia: genetic mutation that effects any step of the blood clotting process resulting in excessive bleeding from even minor injuries

Front 26

Stem Cells and Cell Replacement: Pluripotent stem cells

Back 26

source from which cellular elements develop
a. ability to differentiate into any blood cell type
b. found in marrow of ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis

Front 27

Stem Cells and Cell Replacement: Eryhthropoietin (EPO)********finish

Back 27

hormone which stimulates the production of RBC's
a. RBC's turn over every 3-4 months
b. reduction in O2 triggers EPO synthesis (negative feedback mechianism

Front 28

Leukemia

Back 28

cancerous line of stem cells that overproduce WBC's
a. RBC stem cells are crowded out
b. treatment: destroying bone marrow and restocking it with noncancerous stem cells (30 cells required to repopulate)

Front 29

Cardiovascular Disease

Back 29

disorders of heart and blood vessels; accounts for 1/2 of all US deaths
a. causes
i. genetics
ii. smoking
iii. sedentary lifestyles
iv. high animal fat diet
v. high cholesterol

Front 30

Artherosclerosis

Back 30

hardening/ narrowing of arteries

Front 31

Hypertension

Back 31

high blood pressure

Front 32

Heart Attack

Back 32

death of cardiac tissue due to prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries

Front 33

Stroke

Back 33

death of nervous tissue due to blockage/rupture of one or more arteries in the head

Front 34

Gas Exchange

Back 34

uptake of O2 from and discharge of CO2 into the environment
1. supports ATP production during respiration
2. water (aquatic animals) and air (terrestrial animals) are sources of oxygen

Front 35

Respiratory Medium- O2 (oxygen)

Back 35

1. higher concentration of O2 in air than water
- molecules diffuse more easily through air than water (less energy required)

Front 36

Respiratory Surface

Back 36

1. thin and moist with a large surface area
2. gas exchange occurs by diffusion
3. larger in endotherms than ectotherms due to metabolic activity

Front 37

Gills

Back 37

out-folding of the bodys surface, suspended in water

Front 38

Ventrilation

Back 38

aquatic organisms increase of water flow over the gills

Front 39

Countercurrent exchange

Back 39

opposite flow of blood in gills to direction of water passing over gills
a. removes 80% of O2 from H2O
b. dumps CO2 at same time

Front 40

Trachea

Back 40

branching system of air tubes throughout an insects body
a. finest branches extend to almost every cell
b. efficient in small insects, but larger insects must ventilate
c. trachea open to outside

Front 41

Lungs

Back 41

restricted to a specific region, using the circulatory system to expand functions
a. found in spiders, terrestrial snails, and terrestrial vertebrates

Front 42

Breathing

Back 42

alternate inhalation/ exhalation of air; ventilates lungs

Front 43

Diaphragm

Back 43

sheet of skeletal muscle that increases lung volume when contracted