Biology

Front 1

7 Characteristics of living Things

Back 1

Organization, Responsiveness, Homeostases, Energy utilization, Reproduction, Evolution Adaptation, Growth change and development

Front 2

Levels of Organization

Back 2

molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
organism
population
community
Ecosystem

Front 3

Eubacteria

Back 3

True bacteria, most diverse and widespread prokaryotes, tiny unicellular lack nucleus, absorb food

Front 4

Archaebacteria

Back 4

Consist of prokaryotes, live in the Earth's extreme environment, among earth's first inhabitants

Front 5

Protista

Back 5

unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives. Have nucleus

Front 6

Fungi

Back 6

Decomposers, cell walls made of chitin

Front 7

Plantae

Back 7

carry out photosynthesis, produce own food and sugars, cell walls made of cellulose, don't move.

Front 8

Anamilia

Back 8

Obtain food from others by ingestion, lack cell walls, normally can move.

Front 9

Covalent Bond

Back 9

Involves sharing of electrons, is responsible for water having the properties of cohesion and high specific heat.

Front 10

Hydrogen bond

Back 10

A weak interaction, constantly breaks and reforms.

Front 11

Carbohydrate

Back 11

Starch, both a fuel and building material.
fuel=sugars.
storage= starch in plants, or Glycogen in animals.
Stuctural= Cellulose in cell walls of plants, chitin in cell walls of fungus and exoskeletons of crustations and arthropods.

Front 12

Lipid

Back 12

Faty acids, saturated and unsaturated.
Triacylglycerol= fat, made up of a glycerol back bone and 3 fatty acids, function storage of energy.
Phospholipid, made up of glycerol back bone, 2 fatty acids, and one phosphate, function makes cell membrane.
Steriod, function in membrane and makes hormones.

Front 13

Protein

Back 13

Enzyme, Amino Acids.
Stucture, Storage, Movement, Transport.

Front 14

Nucliec Acid

Back 14

DNA,3 parts, Nitrogenous base, Sugar, phosphate group. G,C,A,T.
RNA, U replaces T.

Front 15

Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis

Back 15

Remove water to create a covalent bond, breaks bond by adding water.

Front 16

The Cell Theory, 3 points

Back 16

1. All living things are conposed of 1 or more cells.
2. the cell is the smallest living unit.
3. Cells arise from division of pre-existing cells

Hint 16

1. all living cells are composed of...
2. smallest living unit
3. cells arise from...

Front 17

4 Features shared by all cells

Back 17

1. Cell Membrane
2. contain Cytosol
3. Contain DNA
4. All cells have ribosomes

Hint 17

1. Surrounded by this
2. Filled with this
3. In the nuclus and makes us who we are
4. Make proteins

Front 18

Two major types of cells

Back 18

1.Prokaryotic
2.Eukaryotic

Hint 18

1.lack membrane bound nucleus include Eubacteria and Archbacteria
2. Have a membrane bound nucleus, include plantea, anamilia, fungi, and protista

Front 19

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 19

1. very small
2. meny have capsules, pili, flagella,cell walls, plasma membrane, Ribosomes, cytosol, Nucleoid
3. No nucleaus, organelles, cytoskeleton

Hint 19

1. Feature (what it looks like)
2. What it has
3. whats absent

Front 20

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 20

1.larger and more stucturally complex
2.membrane bound nucleus, cytoplasm with cytosol and organelles, cytoskeleton

Hint 20

1.feature
2. makes it different from prokaryotic cells, 2 things inside, internal scaffolding and support framework

Front 21

Distinguishing Features of Animal cells

Back 21

1. Nucleous
2. lots of organelles
3. Cytoskeleton
4. No cell wall
5. no chloroplasts
6. No central Vacuole

Hint 21

1. contorl center
2. lots of these (general)
3. internal scaffolding
4. doesn't have this protective layer
5. not green
6. doesn't have this storage place

Front 22

Distinguishing features of Plant cell

Back 22

1. Cell wall
2. central vacuole
3. chloroplast
4. nucleus
5. organelles
6. cytoskeleton
7. Lack contriole

Hint 22

1. out most layer of protection
2. storage area
3. green
4. control center
5. lots of these (general term)
lack this

Front 23

Disinguishing features of fungal cells

Back 23

1.Cell wall
2.plasma membrane
3. nucleus
4. organelles
5. cytoskeleton
6. no central vacuole
7. no chloroplast

Hint 23

1. made of chitin
2. phospholipids make this up
3. control center
4. general term
5. internal scaffolding
6. lack storage
7. not green

Front 24

Nuclear Envelope

Back 24

1. double membrane and space in the middle
2.periforated with pores

Hint 24

1. ____ ___ & ___ in the ____
2. _____ with _____.... how things get in and out

Front 25

Nucleous

Back 25

1. darkly stained region in nucleous region in the middle

Hint 25

1. _____ ____ _____ in __ ___ in the _____

Front 26

Nucleoplasm

Back 26

1. Where ribosomes are assembled
2. Gel like interior

Hint 26

1. these are made here
2. nucleoplam made of...

Front 27

DNA

Back 27

1. packaged in nucleus
2. DNA+Protein= Chromosome

Hint 27

1. how is it organised in nucleus
2. ____ + ___ = ________

Front 28

Non Dividing cells

Back 28

1. loose coils
2. chromatid

Hint 28

1. tight or loose coils
2. called

Front 29

Dividing cells

Back 29

1. Tight coils

Hint 29

1. tight or loose coils

Front 30

Chromosome structure

Back 30

1. DNA wrapped around histone

Hint 30

1. DNA wrapped around a protein...whats the name of the protein

Front 31

Endoreticulum

Back 31

net work of membrane tubes and sacks

Front 32

Rough ER

Back 32

has ribosomes on surface

Front 33

Smooth ER

Back 33

1.lacks ribosomes
2 lipd synthesis, detixification, involved in metabloism

Hint 33

1. looks
2. 3 functions

Front 34

Golgi Apparatus

Back 34

modifies sorts and pacakges molecules

Hint 34

function

Front 35

The Endomembrane System

Back 35

the role of this system is secretion

Hint 35

role

Front 36

The secretoy pathway

Back 36

1. Proteins synthesized by RER ribosomes
2. Protein injected into interior of RER (lumen) and packaged into transplant vesicals
3. proteins reach the golgi and are modified and sorted
4. secretory vesicles containing proteins bud from golgi
5. proteins are expelled from the cell

Hint 36

1. proteins ____ by _ _ _ _____
2.proteins ____ into ____ of _ _ _ ( ____ ) & ____ into _____ ______
3 ____ reach the ___ and are ____ & _____
4. _____ ____ ____ ____ bud from _____
5. _____ are ____ from the ____

Front 37

Lysosomes

Back 37

1. membrane bond vesicles
2. contain a group of enzymes that break down food and other substances

Hint 37

1. bound by this
2. contains Acid Hyrolases that do this

Front 38

Peroxisomer

Back 38

1.membrane bond sac
2. Enzyme break down hydrogen peroxide

Hint 38

1. bound by this
2. has enzymes that do tihs

Front 39

Mitochondria

Back 39

1. surrounded by 2 membranes
2. power house produced ATP

Hint 39

1. outer membrane and inner membrane
2. function

Front 40

chloroplasts

Back 40

1. plant organelle called a plastid.
2. two membranes
3. contains chlorophil

Hint 40

1. plant organelle called a
2. ___ membranes
3. contains this which is responsible for photosynthesis

Front 41

cytoskeleton

Back 41

1. motility, and support
2.microtubule, microfiliment, intermediate filament

Hint 41

1. 2 functions
2. 3 types of internal scaffolding

Front 42

Microtubule

Back 42

1. Transport vesicle
2. form spindle fibers, cilia and flagella

Hint 42

1. hollow tube function
2. forms 3 things

Front 43

Microfilament

Back 43

1. solid slender rods
2. general support and keeps shape
3. muscle contraction
4. pinching of cytoplasim

Hint 43

1 looks
2 function 2
3 helps with this (muscles)
4 responsibel for this during cytokinesis

Front 44

Intermediate Filament

Back 44

1. stable robs
2. strength and support

Hint 44

1. looks, very strong fibers
2 functions

Front 45

centrosome and centrioles

Back 45

involved in forming spindle during cell division

Hint 45

function

Front 46

The cell cycle

Back 46

life of a cell from time formed until it divides

Front 47

mitosis

Back 47

division of nucleus

Front 48

cytokinesis

Back 48

division of the cytoplasm
Starts at the end of telophase

Front 49

interphase

Back 49

longest phase, includes G1, S and G2

Front 50

G1 (Gap 1)

Back 50

Growth phase
metablolizing

Front 51

S (Synthesis)

Back 51

DNA synthesis, DNA replication

Front 52

G2 (gap 2)

Back 52

Growth
protein synthesis preparing to divide

Front 53

Prior to Mitosis:Interphase

Back 53

1. DNA exsist as duplication chromosomes
2. chromosomes appear threadlike mass called chromatin

Front 54

4 phases of mitosis

Back 54

1. Prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase

Front 55

Prophase

Back 55

1. Nuclear envelope dissapear
2. Nucleous disappear
3. centrosomes migrate to opposite poles, spindle fibers form
4. Chromosomes are condensing

Front 56

Metaphase

Back 56

1. chromosomes align on equator

Front 57

Anaphase

Back 57

1. centromere slpits
2 sister chromatidz pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers

Front 58

Telophase

Back 58

(opposite of prophase)
1. Nulclear envelope reappear
2. Nucleolus reappear
3. spindle fibers dissapear
4. Chromosomes uncoil and become thread like again

Front 59

Cytokinesis in plant cells

Back 59

cell plate forms, new cell wall forms from that splitting cell into 2

Front 60

Cleavage Furrow

Back 60

pinching of cell membrane to make two dughter cells

Front 61

membrane Structure

Back 61

1. Lipids
2. Proteins
3. CArbohydrates

Front 62

membrane Stucture: Lipids

Back 62

Phospholipid
contains glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
head=phosphate=hydrophilic
tails=fatty acids=hydrophobic
arrangment bilayer
also cholesterol inserted among phospholipids

Front 63

Membrane stucture: Protein

Back 63

two types
integral-embedded in membranes, most go from one side to the other
peripheral-dissociated with both outer and inner surfaces

Front 64

Membrane Stucture: Carbohydrates

Back 64

Associated with the outside

Front 65

Glycocalyx

Back 65

sugar rich zone

Front 66

Hypotonic in animal cells

Back 66

lower water level and higher solute levels (inside) water diffuses in and cell will swell and burst

Front 67

Hypertonic, in animal cells

Back 67

high water and low solute levels inside water diffuses out cell shrinks

Front 68

Isonic

Back 68

same or equal levels in and out, cell shape is maintained

Front 69

Hypotonic

Back 69

low water high solute(inside) water enters. cell will swell vacuole fills with water pushes against plasma membrane (calld turgor pressure) limits further entrance of water

Front 70

hypertonic

Back 70

high water low solute in cel water leaves, vacuole shrinks membrane with draws from cell wall (plasmolysis)

Front 71

Iotonic

Back 71

Equal and opposite

Front 72

Faciliated Diffusion

Back 72

"helpers" integral membrane protiends.
2 tyeps
channel protein
transport proteins or carriers (passive- high to low concentrate

Front 73

Active Transport

Back 73

Require energy
against concentrate gradient
low-high (uphill)

Front 74

active transport: Endocytosis

Back 74

Uptake of larger substances into the cell- enter by vesicles

Front 75

Endocytosis: Phagocytosis

Back 75

"cell eating"
extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopods surrond particle and enclose in on a vesicle
vesicle have lysomes will digest particles