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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False: Not all dynamic functions of living beings depend on protein.
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False. Every function of a living being depends on proteins.
Greek, proteios means "first place" |
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What are enxymatic proteins?
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they speed up chemical processes
EX: digestive enzymes |
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What are structural proteins?
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they add support.
Ex: keratin is the protein of hair, horns, feathers |
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What are storage proteins?
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they store amino acids
EX: eggwhite in developing embryo |
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What are transport proteins?
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They transport other substances.
EX: Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs |
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What are hormonal proteins?
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The coordination of an organism's activities
EX: Insulin regulates the concentration of sugar |
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What are receptor proteins?
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Response of cell to chemical stimuli
EX: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect chemical signals released by other nerve cells. |
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What are contractile and motor proteins?
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Movement
EX: Actin and myosin are responsible for the contraction of muscles |
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What are defensive proteins?
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Protection against diseases
EX: Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses |
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What are enzymes mostly made up of?
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protein
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Enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism by actin as a ______
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catalysts
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What are catalysts?
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chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
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True or False: Each protein has a unique 3D shape.
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True. They vary extensively in structure.
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How many sets of amino acids are there possible to construct a polymer?
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20
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What are monomers?
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Subunits linked by covalent bonds
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What is the name of polymers of amino acids?
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polypeptides
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What is a polypeptide?
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polymers of amino acids
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how many polypeptides are there in protein?
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one or more polypeptides
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What are amino acids?
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organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups.
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What is at the center of an amino acid?
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asymmetric carbon atom, alpha carbon
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What are the four different groups attached to an alpha carbon?
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an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen and an R, which can be any variable group.
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What is a side chain?
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The R group on an amino acid
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How many amino acids of protein are there?
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20
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What are the 3 different side chains that you can get on an amino acid?
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polar, nonpolar, or electrically charged (acid or basic)
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Are electrically charged side chains hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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hydrophilic
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What is a peptide bond?
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When the carboxyl end and an amino end of an amino acid come together and go through dehydration and create a water resulting in a bond.
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What is a polypeptide?
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A polymer of many amino acids linked by a peptide bond.
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What is the name of the amino end of a polypeptide?
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N-terminus
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What is the name of the carboxyl end of a polypeptide?
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C-terminus
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What is the polypeptide backbone?
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The chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds excluding the side chains.
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What are the side chains in a polypeptide?
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The R group from each amino acids
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True or False: polypeptide is the same thing as protein.
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False. A functional protein is not just a polypeptide chain, but one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled inot a molecule of unique shape.
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What is the name of proteins shaped like spheres?
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globular proteins
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what is the name of proteins shaped like long fibers?
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fibrous proteins
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True or False: A protein's structure determines how it works.
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True. The function of a protein relies on it's ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule.
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What is the primary structure of proteins?
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The unique sequence of amino acids.
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What is the secondary structure of protein?
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coils and folds that contribute to the overall shape of a protein formed by hydrogen bonds.
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True or False: Though hydrogen bonds are weak, collectively they are strong.
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True.
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In a secondary structure, what is an alpha-helix for proteins?
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a coil held together by every fourth hydrogen bond.
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In a secondary structure, what is a beta pleated sheet?
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regions of a polypeptide chain lying side by side connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones.
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What makes up the core of globular proteins, alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheets?
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beta-pleaded sheets
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In a protein structure, what is the tertiary structure?
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the interactions between the R groups (side chains) of the different amino acids that affects the structure
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What is a hydrophobic interaction on the tertiary structure of a protein?
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When water molecules exclude nonpolar substances and form hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic parts of the protein
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True or False: Hydrogen bonds between polar side chains and ionic bonds between positively and negatively charged side chains don't affect the tertiary structure of a protein.
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False. They're all weak interactions, but as a while they effect helps give the protein shape.
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What is a disulfide bridge?
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In the tertiary structure of a protein, a cysteine monomer (made up of amino acids with a sulfur) come together and form a bond with the sulfur S-S
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What is a quaternary structure in a protein?
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The structure that results from two or more polypeptide chains functioning as one macromolecule. The overall protein structure.
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what structure level in a protein can result in sickle-cell anemia?
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primary. subing an amino acid (valine) for glutamic acid results in the sickle cell shape.
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What is denaturation?
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When a protein loses its shape due to environmental causes.
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True or False: The physical and chemical conditions of a protein's environment don't affect it's structure.
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False. If the pH, salt concentration, temperature, etc change it can affect the protein's structure.
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True or False: most protein become denatured if they are transferred from an aqueous environment to an organic solvent.
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True. In the case of ether to chloroform, the polypeptide chain refolds so the hydrophobic regions face outward toward the solvent.
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What are chaperonins?
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protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins.
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What is the name of protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins?
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chaperonins
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True or False: chaperonins specify the final structure of a polypeptide
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False. they keep the new polypeptide segregated from "bad influences"
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What is the name of the method that helps see a 3D structure of protein?
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xray crystallography
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