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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the saying to remember the animal stuff? |
Did King Philip Come Over For Grandma's Soup? |
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naming species |
Taxonomy |
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Who is the father of taxonomy? |
Carl Linneaus |
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stores DNA; directs all cell action |
Nucleus |
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Produces rRNa; creates ribosomes |
nucleolus |
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protects the nucleus; lest thing in and out |
Nuclear envelope |
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processing and modification of proteins; has ribosomes attached |
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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synthesizes phospholipids; sends product to golgi apparatus |
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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site of protein synthesis |
Ribosomes |
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processess products; recieves product from smooth ER; collects and packages |
Golgi Apparatus |
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contaings digestive enzymes; breaks down foreign substances or worn-out parts of cells |
lysosomes |
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membranous sacs that store substances |
vauoles |
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site of ATP (energy) production; double-membrane that contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes |
mitochondria |
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site of photosynthesis; has their own DNA |
chloroplasts |
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maintains cell shape and moves onjects |
cytoskeleton |
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What type of bonds hold water molecules together? |
polar covalent bonds |
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what type of bonds holds amino acids together in a peptide chain form a protein? |
Peptide Bond |
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What is their polymer? Amino Acids monosacharrides Fatty Acids |
Protein Carbohydrates Lipids |
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these cells have a pair (2) of each chromosomes (2n) |
Diploids |
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cells have half the chromosomes (1n) |
Haploid |
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condensed DNA molecules (closed) |
chromosomes |
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constriction where sister chromatids are held |
centromeres |
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Part of Meoisis: homologues pair up nuclear membrane dissappears |
Prophase I
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Part of Meiosis: homologues pairs line up random assortment |
Metaphase I |
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Part of Meiosis: Hoomologous chromosomes; each 2 chromatids |
Anaphase I |
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Part of Meiosis: Cytokinesis begins; |
Telephase I |
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Part of Meiosis: between I and II have two daughter cells dipoid |
Interkinesis |
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Part of Meiosis: 1 chromosome from each homologous pair; chromosomes pair up |
Prophase II |
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Part of Meiosis: chromosomes line up |
Metaphase II |
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Part of Meiosis: centromeres divide and chromatids seperate |
Anaphase II |
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Part of Meiosis: Nuclei Form; cytokinesis begins; haploid (1n) |
Telephase II |
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Part of Meiosis: the result of meoisis; four daughter cells have haploids |
Cytokinesis |
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When does chromosome duplication take place? |
During the S phase G1 S G2 |
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Father of Genetics; used pea plants to determine offspring; parent-> offspring; law of segregation and law of independent assortment |
Gregor Mendel |
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is an alternate form of a gene |
allele |
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both alleles are the same ww or WW |
homozygous |
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the two alleles are different Ww Ss |
heterozygous |
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maskts the recessive trait/allele; the allele is a capital letter |
Dominant |
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masked by the dominan trait; is a lower case letter |
recessive |
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alleles responsible for a given trait |
genotype |
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the physical appearance of the trait |
phenotype |
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What are the three alleles for blood types? which ones are dominant? |
1. iA 2. iB 3. i A & B are codominant i is recessive |
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any chromosome that isnt a sex chromosome |
autosome |
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How many chromosomes? |
23 pairs= 1 sex + 22 autosomes |
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Colorblind Example |
B is dominant and b is recessive; the trait is only on the X chromosome, |
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Who discovered the structure of the DNA? |
1. James Watson 2. Francis Crick 3. Rosalind Franklin 4. Maurice Willis |
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DNA bases |
A= adenine ------ T= Thymine G= Guanine ------ C= Cytosine |
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RNA Bases |
A= Adenine ----- U= Uracil G= Guanine ---- C= Cytosine |
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are the "words"; a sequence of 3 nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule |
Codon |
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3 nucleotide sequence on tRNA to complement the codon on a RNA |
Anti codon |
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making a readable copy of gene from DNA; happens inside nucleous |
transcription |
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using the gene's instructions to construt protein; happens at ribosomes in the ER or in cytoplasm |
translation |
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sections are cut out |
introns |
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sections are joined together |
entrons |
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What are the 4 requirements for Natural Selection? |
1. Individual Heritable Variation 2. Overproduction and Competition 3. Differential reproduction 4. Adaptation |
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natural selection: members of a population differ; differences can be inherited by offspring |
Individual Heritable Variation |
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natural selection: not enough resources to support offspring produced (Thomas Malthus) |
Overproduction & Competition |
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natural selection: some individuals leave more offspring |
Differential reproduction |
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natural selection: descent with modification; process that allows a population to survive/reproduce better |
Adaptation |
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What is the evidence used to support evolution? |
1. Fossil Evidence 2. Biogeographical Evidence 3. Anatomical Evidence 4. Biochemical Evidence |
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Evolution Support: these represents links through fossils that appear within layers of rocks |
fossil evidence |
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Evolution Support: looking at species in certain regions and comparing with continental drift |
biogeographical evidence |
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Evolution Support: common descent offers explanation for simialr bone structures |
anatomical evidence |
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Evolution Support: all organisms use same basic biochemical molecules and many genes are shared |
biochemical evidence |
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evolution that occurs at the population level and over time the genetic change will be in the whole population |
microevolution |
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evolution that is so big that over time a new species will be evolved |
macroevolution |
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What are the five known evolutionary mechanisms? |
1. Mutation 2. Genetic Drift 3. Gene Flow 4. Nonrandom Mating 5. Natural Selection |
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How old is planet earth? How old is the oldest fossil? |
4.6 billion years 3.5 billion years |
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What are the 3 definitions of evolution? |
1. Population Genetics 2. Universal Common Descent 3. Process= Mutation + Natural Selection |
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Oldest marusipials fossils found? |
China |
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Major mutation are ____________; and viable mutations are _______________ |
not viable; not major |
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phylum: tubular or bell shaped animals; radial symmetry; jellyfish |
cnidaria |
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phylum: :jointed foot; insects |
arthropoda |
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phylum: "spiny skin"; water vascular; sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers |
echinodermata |
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phylum: snails, chitons, squid,; viseral mass; mantle; radula |
Mollusca |
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phylum: notochord; dorsal nerve cord; pouches; post anal tail, like fish and stuff |
chordata |
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jawless fish; hagfish, lampreys |
agnatha |
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bony fish; marlin and sunfish |
osteichthyes |
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cartilagous fishes; sharks and rays |
chondrichthyes |
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amphibians |
amphibia |
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reptilia |
reptiles |
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birds |
aves |
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rodents and pets |
mammalia placental |
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kangaroos and koalas |
mammalia marsupials |
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when you condition your stimulus to be responsive by reflex |
classical conditioning |
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learning through rewards and punishment |
operant conditioning |
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behavior of an animal that benefits another at its own expense |
altruism |
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per capita rate of increase |
growth rate |
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is the highest per capita rate of increase for a population |
biotic potential |
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number of individuals of a species that a particular environment can support |
carrying capacity |
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survivorship curve type 1 |
most survive to old age; humans |
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survivorship curve type 2 |
decrease consistently; sangbirds |
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survivorship curve type 3 |
most die early, oysters |
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species that resembleseach other all have sucessful defenses |
mullerian mimicry |
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a prey that is not harmful mimics harmful species |
Batesian mimicry |
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biome: artic circle; very cold and dark; little precipitation; permafrost; lichens, grass, shrubs; reindeer, lemmings, polar bears |
Tundra |
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biome: east n america & Europe & E Asia; well defined seasons; high precipitaion; oak and maple trees; squirrels and rabbits |
decidous forest |
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biome: waxy leaves; subject to fires; coyotes gophers and jack rabbits |
shrublands |
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californias shrubland |
chapparallllllll |
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little precipitation; hot days cold nights; either large animals or very small; catucs |
deserts |
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super warm; lots of rains; jaguars; |
rainforest |
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withstands fires; elephants, zebras and giraffes |
grasslands |
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role is to fight infections and provide immunity |
leukocytes; white blood cells |
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transport oxygen |
erythrocytes; red blood cells |
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prevent bleeding |
thrombocytes; platelets |
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receives deoxygenated blood from body then sends to right ventricle |
right atrium |
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pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
right ventricle |
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receives oxygen blood from the lungs sends to the left ventricle |
left atrium |
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sends oxygenated blood to the body |
left ventricle |
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carrys oxygenated blood from the heart to the body |
arteries |
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carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs |
veins |
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connects the blood flow from arteries to veins and vicversa |
capillaries |
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what is the path flow of food in the digestive system |
mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small large |
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breaks down food |
mouth |
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carries food from mouth to stomach |
esophagus |
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secrets acids and enyzmes that digest food; ph of 1.5-3.5 |
stomach |
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absorption of nutrients and minerals from food 20 ft 6 meters |
small intestine |
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absorb water then get rid of useless waste |
large intestine |
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How many teeth? |
32 total 8 incisisors 4 canines 8 premolars 12 molars |
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What causes heartburm? |
stomach acids irritate the esophagus; or when the stomach pushes against the diaphragm |
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What is the air passage way in the respiratory system? |
lungs bronchi trachea larynx pharynx nasal cavity
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windpipe; allows air to pass through neck into the larynx |
trachea |
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carries air from trachea into the lungs |
bronchi |
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gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
alveoli |
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max volume in and out |
vital capacity |
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normal breath |
todal volume |
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space filter |
residual volume |
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What has to happen for the lungs to expand during inhaltion? |
diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves downwards |
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conducts urine from kidney to bladder |
ureters |
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helps blood flow |
renal artery and vein |
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stores urine |
urinary bladder |
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remove urine from the body |
urethra |
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forms a continous smooth outer zone |
renal cortex |
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filters the blood |
renal medulla |
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funnils urine to ureter |
renal pelvis |
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kidney daily volumes |
180; 1.8 |
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what controls leftside of the body |
right hemisphere |
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grey matter is located where on the brain |
the surface |
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refers to the part of the cerebral cortex; voluntary actions |
cerebrum |
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upper spinal chord; functions attention and language |
cerebellum |
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fibers in the brain; imagination? |
corpus callosum |
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what are the four sensory receptors |
1. pain 2. temperature 3. touch 4. smell and taste |
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how many taste cells? how many olfactory cells? |
100 1,000 |
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papillae |
taste buds |
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lack of photoreceptors on the optic disc |
blindspot |
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low level of lighting |
rods |
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high level of lighting; color vision |
cones |
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what are the bones in the ear |
malleus incus stapes |
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tympanic membrane |
eardrum |
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tendons |
muscle to bone |
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ligaments |
muscle to muscle |
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responsible for cell movements |
actin and myosin |
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slow twitch fibers |
endurance |
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fast twitch |
sprinting, bodybiulding |
