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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific inquiry occurs through two processes 1.) ___________ 2.) ___________ |
Discovery science- descriptive Hypothesis testing- experimental |
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Two types data |
Quantitative- measured Qualitative- observed |
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Steps of the Scientific Method |
Observation/Question Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion |
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Limitation to Science |
Past events can't be tested |
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Scientific Hypothesis |
A proposed explanation of an observable phenomenon. |
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Scientific Theory |
An idea/explanation that has been tested extensively, and still has not produced evidence to reject it. |
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Scientific Law |
Generalizes a body of observations. (Describes things but does not explain them) |
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Organisms are composed of ______. |
Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass |
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Matter is made up of ________. |
Elements- substances that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
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An element's properties depend on the structure of it's _____. |
Atoms |
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Atoms are composed of..... |
Protons- positively charged particles Neutrons- neutral particles Electrons- negatively charged particles |
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Protons and Neutrons and located in the ________. |
Nucleus |
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________ are found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus. |
Electrons |
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Atomic Number |
Number of protons (never changes) |
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Atomic Mass |
average weight of protons and neutrons (between isotopes) |
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Ions |
Ions are charged atoms |
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Cations |
More protons than electrons Positively charged |
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Anions |
More electrons than protons Negatively charged |
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Isotopes |
Atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers (+ or - neutrons) (protons + neutrons = new atomic mass number) |
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Compound |
Combination of two or more elements |
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What are the three types of bonds? |
Covalent Ionic Hydrogen |
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Covalent Bond |
When two atoms share a pair of electrons. Strongest chemical bond. |
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Ionic Bond |
An ionic bond is an attraction between charged atoms. (typically when one atom gains/loses an electron) the outer shell is most stable when full |
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Some covalent bonds are polar, which means..... |
They are not sharing electrons equally. This causes slight charges and can result in hydrogen bonding between molecules. |
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What is the weakest chemical bond? |
Polar/Hydrogen Bonds |
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The two reactions that are commonly seen in biology are... |
Reduction reaction- the addition of electrons Oxidation reaction- the removal of electrons |
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Redox Reaction |
When one compound is oxidized, the other one is reduced. |
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Water molecules can.........because of the ____ bonding. |
Hold on to each other (cohesion) Hold on to other surfaces (adhesion) Hydrogen Bonding |
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Cohesion |
Molecules holding onto each other |
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Adhesion |
Molecules holding on to other surfaces |
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Hydrophillic |
The compound is abel to dissolve in water (sugar, salt) |
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Hydrophobic |
The compound can not dissolve in water (fats, oils) |
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hydro |
water |
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phobic |
fearing |
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philic |
loving |
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If a substance releases protons in water, then it is ....... |
Acid |
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If a substance releases ____ ____ in water, then it is a base |
hydroxide ions |
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If an acid and base are mixed together.... |
They will neutralize each other because the H+ and OH- will combine to form water. |
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Buffer |
Accepts and releases protons as necessary to keep pH constant. |
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pH |
The amount of H+ present in a solution. |
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pH Scale |
0-6 Acidic (protons +) 7- Neutral 8-14 Basic (neutrons -) |
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Carbon |
The main building block for all "organic" molecules, as in organic chemistry. |
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Macromolecule |
A macromolecule is a polymer made up of many small monomers. |
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poly |
many |
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mono |
one |
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mer |
a part |
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Living things are made up of four main organic molecules |
Carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins |
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Carbohydrates |
Made up of Sugars.
Contain: carbonyl group (C=O) Carbon skeleton of single bonds Multiple functional hydroxyl groups (-OH)
Monomers: glucose, fructose sugars end in -ose |
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The three main biological carbohydrate polymers are made of glucose... |
Starch Cellulose Glycogen |
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Starch (amylose) |
A "food storage" molecule (sugar) that can be broken down for energy. (alpha bond) |
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Cullulose |
FIBER- A polymer that is used in plant cell walls and is the main component of wood. Strong because the wait it's linked allows for bonding between the strands. (Beta Link) |
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Beta Link |
Sticking out in different ways and creating different chain reactions. Allows bonding between the strands. |
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Glycogen |
A stored energy source found in the liver and muscles of animals. Glucose chain is highly branched. |
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The assembly and breakdown of polymers is done by two chemical reactions that involve the addition or subtraction of water..... |
Assembly: Dehydration Breakdown: Hydrolysis |
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lysis |
to loosen |
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Lipids |
Fats- built from more than one type of comound |
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Lipids are oligomers not polymers because they are not... |
limited in size |
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oligo |
few |
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Hydrophobic |
Insoluble in water (doesn't dissolve) |
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Fatty Acids |
Long chains of C-H Saturated or Unsaturated |
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Triglycerides |
One glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
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Phospholipids |
One glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate They are a main component of membranes. Have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head. |
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______ makes up cell membranes. |
Phospholipids |
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Nucleic Acids |
Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides (RNA, DAN) |
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The nitrogen base of nucleotides are divided into _____ and _________. |
Purines, Pyrimidines |
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Why can a purine only bond to a pyrimidine? |
Distance between the two strands must be at just the right distance. Based on physical size and bonding patterns. |
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Complimentary DNA |
A only with T G only with C |
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DNA is anti-parallel |
Runs from 5' to 3' Read and synthesized only in this direction. |
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Proteins |
Proteins are polymers constructed of monomers called amino acids |
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Mutation |
A change in the sequence of the DNA, can result in a different amino acid, and also an altered protein shape or function. |
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Denaturation |
A change in the shape of a protein, usually causing loss of function. (Caused by changes in the proteins environment: pH, temperature, salt concentration) |
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Transcription |
Transcription is the transfer of information from the DNA strand to the messenger RNA strand.
Carried out by RNA polymerase (5' to 3')
Each nucleotide is matched with its corresponding base.
A matches with U in RNA (replacing T)
DNA ------> RNA A U T A C G G C |
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Translation |
the production of a protein from an mRNA template by a ribosome |
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Prokaryotes (production) |
In prokaryotes, mRNA produced by transcription is immediately translated without more processing or transport. (translation and transcription occur at same time) |
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Eukaryotes (production) |
DNA is in the nucleus. the mRNA is created and processed (parts removed/changed). mRNA travels to cytoplasm. Ribosome binds to the mRNA to translate it into a protein. |
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Codon |
Specific set of 3 nucleotides that translates for a specific amino acid |
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______ is the start codon. |
AUG (met) |
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What are the differences between DNA and RNA? |
DNA Double Stranded Deoxyribose as sugar Uses T-A
RNA Single Stranded Ribose as sugar Uses U-A |
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Transcription occurs in three steps....... |
Initiation Elongation Termination |
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Initiation (Transcription) |
RNA polymerase bonds to promoter Transcription starts |
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Elongation (Transcription) |
RNA transcription occurs further down the strand |
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Termination (Transcription) |
RNA polymerase reaches terminator mRNA transcript is relased |
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Coding strand |
DNA that matches RNA |
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Template Strand |
DNA being used to create mRNA |
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Transcript strand |
mRNA strand being created |
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Promoter |
the on/off switch for the gene if on- the gene is transcribed if off- no transcription takes place
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Terminator |
tells the RNA polymerase it has reached the end of the game |
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Most eukaryotic genes are a mix of_____ and ______. |
Introns, exons |
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Introns |
non-coding DNA that have to be removed |
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Exons |
DNA that will actually be translated to make the protein |
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Translation |
mRNA is translated into protein with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes |
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tRNA |
Each molecule of tRNA: carries a specific amino acid on end had an anticodon on the end |
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Ribosomes |
Ribosomes are large complexes of protein and RNA that have three specific internal sites A (amino) site P (peptide) E (exit) |
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Initiation (Translation) |
Small ribosome subunit binds to mRNA. Initiator tRNA binds to mRNA. Large ribosome subunit binds to tRNA Requires GTP |
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Elongation (Translation) |
Amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid. forming the protein (peptide) chain.
Each addition involves external proteins called elongation factors and occurs in three steps.
codon recognition peptide bond formation translocation |
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Release factor |
The release factor causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid which: Releases the polypeptide Causes the translation assembly to come apart. |
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Four main biological molecules make up the majority of organisms...... |
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
Each monomers assembled into larger structures (polymers or oligomers)
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