Biology 5 Chapter 5 Structure And Function Of Large

Front 1

What is a Macromolecules?

Back 1

Large molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by dehydration synthesis reaction

Front 2

What is a Monomer?

Back 2

small individual repeating molecules that serve as building blocks or subunits to polymers

Front 3

What is a Polymers?

Back 3

Large molecules consisting of many similar or identical individual, repeating subunit linked by covalent bonds

Front 4

What is Dehydration Synthesis Reaction?

Back 4

two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of water molecule
a. one molecule loses a hydrological group (OH)
b.one molecule loses a hydrogen group (H)
(less water) (make something)

Front 5

What is Hydrolysis?

Back 5

covalent bond between 2 molecules is broken by the addition of a water molecule

Front 6

What is an Enzymes?

Back 6

specialized protein macromolecules that increase the rate of chemical reaction without becoming consumed by the reaction

Front 7

What are Carbohydrates?

Back 7

include both sugars and polymers of sugars

Front 8

Carbohydrates Subunits
What are Monosaccharide?

Back 8

a. major unit for cells (glueclose-C6H12o6)
b.C-skeleton serves as raw material for other organic molecules
c.Building blocks for di /polysaccharides

Front 9

Carbohydrates Subunits
What are Disaccharides?

Back 9

a. Maltose-malt sugar used in brewing beer
b. sucrose -table sugar
c.Lactose-sugar found in milk

Front 10

Carbohydrates Subunits
Wat are Polysaccharides?

Back 10

a.100's -1000 of monosaccharides
b.some serve as cellular storage material
c. Some serve as cellular building material

Front 11

Carbohydrates : Storage Polysaccharides
What is Starch?

Back 11

a polymer of glucose monomer, stored as granules within cellular structure(plastids choroplasts) stored energy "For Plants"

Front 12

Carbohydrates : Storage Polysaccharides
What are Glycogen?

Back 12

a polymer of glucose monomers only with more extensive branching, stored in liver and muscle cells, depleted in about 24 hrs unless replenished

Front 13

Carbohydrates : Structural Polysaccharides
What is Cellulose?

Back 13

a polymer of glucose monomers, major component of tough cell walls that enclose plants cells, different linkages then starch

Front 14

Carbohydrates : Structural Polysaccharides
What is Chitin?

Back 14

a polymer of glucose monomers major component of arthropod exoskeleton and in fungal cell walls, contains N-compound

Front 15

What are Lipids?

Back 15

Large biological molecules that does not include true polymers and generally not big e4nough to be considered macromolecules, mix poorly if at all in water

Front 16

What are Lipid Subunits?

Back 16

a. Glycerol- 3C skeleton, each with OH group
b.Fatty acid- long C skeleton(16-18 C's) carboxal group with a long hydrocarbon chain

Front 17

Lipid Subunits
What are Fats?

Back 17

molecules constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

Front 18

Lipids Subunits
Fats
What are saturated fatty acids?

Back 18

1. Maximum number of H's
2.No double bond (single only)
3.Animal fats, solid at room temperature(ball of fat)
4.could lead to cardiovascular disease(specifically athroclerosis)
5. Build up in arteries impeeding blood flow
6.Trans Fats may also contribute to Cardiovascular disease

Front 19

Lipids Subunits
Fats
What are unsaturated fats?

Back 19

1. maximum number of H's
2. Double bonded
Plants, liquid at room temperature (oils)

Front 20

Lipids Subunits
Fats
What are there function?

Back 20

1. energy storage (stores 2X more than carbohydrates)
2. Cushion vital organs, adipose in humans
3.Insulate body as a layer of fat beneath skin- especially thick in marine mammals (blubber)

Front 21

Lipids Subunits
What are Phosepholipids?

Back 21

similar to fat molecules, but has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol with the third OH group joined to a phosphate group
Function: essential component to cell membrane

Front 22

Lipids Subunits
What are Steroids?

Back 22

Characterized by C skeleton consisting of four interlocking C rings, distinguished by different chemical groups attached

Front 23

Lipids Subunits
Steriods
What is a Cholesteroil?

Back 23

1. Common componenet of cell membranes
2.Precursor from which other steriods are made
3.High levels may contribute to atherosclerosis
4.Saturated and trans fats negatively affect cholesteral levels

Front 24

Lipids Subunits
What are Protiens?

Back 24

biological function molecules consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D shape

Front 25

Lipids Subunits
What are Protien Subunits?

Back 25

a.50% of dry mass of most cells
b.Serve in functional and structural support
c.Enzymatic protiens regulate metabolism

Front 26

Lipids Subunits
Protiens
What are Polypeptiedes?

Back 26

polymers of amino acids

Front 27

Lipids Subunits
Protiens
What are Amino Acid?

Back 27

organic molecules possessing both an amino group and a carboxylic acid group, at the center is an asymmetric carbon with a H atom and a variable group attached
a. 20 diffrent aminoacids are used by cells to construct all necessary protiens

Front 28

Lipids Subunits
Protiens
What are Peptide bond?

Back 28

covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another dehydration synthinsis reaction

Front 29

Lipids Subunits
Protiens
What is the Stucture and Function of Protiens?

Back 29

a. Protein function is dependent upon protein’s 3D structure
b.Protein structure is determined by the amino acid sequence
c.Function of proteins also depend on their ability to recognize and bind to other molecules
d.Binding is very specific

Front 30

Lipids Subunits
Protiens
What are the Levels of Protien Structure?

Back 30

a) Levels of Protein Structure,
b) Primary structure
c) Secondary structure
d) Tertiary structure
e) Quaternary structure

Front 31

Lipids Subunits
Protiens
What is sickle-cell anemia?

Back 31

inherited blood disorder caused by the substitution of one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a specific position in hemoglobin

Front 32

Lipids Subunits
Protiens
What is Denaturation?

Back 32

process by which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; alter the shape, alter the function
a.Ways to denature a protein:
i.Salt concentration
ii.Toxic chemicals
iii.Change pH
iv.High heat

Front 33

Lipids SubUnits
Protiens
What is renaturization?

Back 33

process by which a protein some-times returns to its functional shape when the denaturing agent is removed

Front 34

Lipids SubUnits
Protiens
What is Chaperonins?

Back 34

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
a.Improper folding results in diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, mad cow, etc.

Front 35

Lipids SubUnits
What is Nucleic Acids?

Back 35

polymer consisting of many nucleotide polymers; blueprint for proteins

Front 36

Lipids SubUnits
Nucleic Acids Subunit: What are Nucleotides

Back 36

nucleotides
a.Information storage
b.Carries out DNA replication, RNA transcription
c.Controls protein synthesis
d.Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
e.Phosphate group
f.Nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, T, U)

Front 37

Lipids SubUnits
Nucleic Acids Sub Units
What is Nitrogenous bases

Back 37

polymer consisting of many nucleotide polymers; blueprint for proteins
1.Subunit: nucleotides

Front 38

Lipids SubUnits
Nucleic Acids Sub Units
What is the Structure?

Back 38

a.DNA occurs in a double strand
b.RNA occurs in a single strand, but is more variable in shape

Front 39

Lipids SubUnits
Nucleic Acids Sub Units
What is Evolution?

Back 39

According to evolution, simple evolves into complex; therefore, RNA would have occurred first, eventually evolving into DNA