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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are neural cells produced?
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Neural cells are produced in the ventricular zone lining the neural tube.
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What do daughter cells differntiate into?
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They bocome neurons or glia.
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When the Neural Tube seperates, what two directions do they go on?
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along the rostal-caudal axis
and...between the dorsal and ventral halves. |
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What happens in synaptogenesis?
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The growth cones respond to the chemical and physical properties of the extracellular envir. in order to reach their destinations.
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Apoptosis
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neurons compete for nerve growth factors and those that fail to botain this stimulation die.
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Mylenation
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-occurs from the spinal cord and goes towards the forebrain
-not complete until the age of 20 |
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Dermatomes
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surface areas served by Dorsal Roots of Spinal Segment
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Where are Mechanoreceptors found?
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skin, blood vessels, internal organs, and joints
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What does the somatosensory system do?
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give us information about the body senses such as touch, movement and pain
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What are olfactory receptors?
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Neurons
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What do researchers know about taste coding?
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That is is not clear-cut or well understood at all.
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Where do protiens come from?
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Gene Expression
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What is Flavor actually a mixture of?
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taste, smell, tactile sensation of food-"mouthfeel", and visual information contributes
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What is another name for gustation?
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Taste
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What is sensory Transduction?
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Transduction happens when tastants affect the ion flow across the membrane of a taste cell.
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Each Papilla is capable of holding how many taste buds?
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1-100 taste buds
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Where are taste buds located?
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mostly on the tounge or soft palate.
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Are taste cells regenerative?
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Yes taste cells are regenerative.
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What is a motor unit?
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consists of an alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it controls.(only includes one type of fiber)
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Where are alpha motor neurons located?
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They are located in
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How are muscle contractions controlled?
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they are contolled by the firing of action potentials, and the varying amounts fo pressure that are supplied by the firing mechanism.
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What is recruitment?
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activating more motor units as more load is placed on a muscle.
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What part of the body is responsible for reflex movements?
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The Spinal Cord because it is designed to protect us from injusry and maintain posture.
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What are the types of muscle that the body has?
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Smooth muscle(digestive tract) and Striated muscle(skeletal)
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What is the Patellar Tendon Reflex?
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It tests the integrity of muscle spindle.
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What happens in reciprocal inhibition?
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the activation of one muscle in an antoagonistic pair inhibits the contraction of the other.
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What kind of receptors provide information about the joint position and movement?
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Mechanoreceptors
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the cerebellum is involved in the timing and sequencing of what kind of movements?
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Complex Movements
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What is the Ventromedial pathway responsible for?
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Reflexive Movements
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What does the Flocculus control?
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The Eyes movements and balance
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What does the basil gnaglia do?
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it serves a filter for voluntary movement.
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HypErkinetic Symptom...?
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cause by damage to the basil ganglia, results in involutary movements. "tourettes syndrom"
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HypOkinetic Sympton...?
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cause by damage to the basil ganglia, results in paucity in movement. "Parkinson's disease."
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How many areas are in the Motor Cortex? Name them.
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3 main areas, primary cortex, premotor area, supplamentory motor area
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What areas of the brain control the decision to move?
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Prefrontal and Parietal cortex.
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Muscle contraction is caused by
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A signal sent to the spinal motor neurons
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What is Huntingtons disease?
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It produces involuntary jerky movements
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What do chemoreceptors respond to?
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chemicals... are stimulated by chemicals and send pain signals.
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When a mechanoreceptor is stretched what happens?
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the ion channel opens and Na+ enters the cell and if threshold is reached and action potential is generated.
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What does hte Trigeminal Nerve do?
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Carries sensations from mechanoreceptors in the skin of the face, mouth, tongue and dura mater of the brain.
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There are four areas of stimulus in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex. What are they?
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Area1-texture
Area2-mainly Area3-movement Area4-light touch |
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What does the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex do?
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it is just a further processor of sensation
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What are Pain receptors?
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they are actually nocicereceptors-they respond to a variety of stimuli associated to tissue dammage
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Cerebellum
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coordinates sequenced movements, balance, and some forms of learning
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What is the result of a hemmorrhage?
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Aneurysms that burst; which is a bulge in the arterial lobe.
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What kind of strokes are typically fatal?
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Hemorrhagic Strokes
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What kind of stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body?
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Stem cells that are undifferentiated.
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Whats is NOGO used for?
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NOGO is a substance that normally prevents further sprouting by mature axons.
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What causes cerebral vascular accidents?
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blockages and hemmorhage
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What is the coup known as?
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The site of the injury when refering to heads
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What is the countercoup?
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the site that is opposite of the head injury
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What kind of brain tumors are 45% of all brain tumors?
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Glioma tumors
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How does CTBI form?
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Forms slowly and is diagnosed way after person is done with sport...(boxers)
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Repeated concussions may cause...
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slurred speech, memory and personality changes, parkinson's-like syndrom
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What is a simple word for Neurocysticercosis?
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Brain Worms;spongiform
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What is Encephalitis?
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inflamation of the brain caused by viral infection
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What is Epilepsy?
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characterized by repetitive seizures.
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What are some treatments for Epilepsy?
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Medications that are usually GABA agonists.
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What is an Aura?
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subjective sensory or motor sensation that signals the onset of a seizure or migraine headache.
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What steps lead to a migraine?
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the increased blood flow is a reaction to events in the brainstem and nervous system that lead to migrain
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